Asian Cultural Heritage

ASIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE The fashionable and widely known Asiatic Migration Theory of professor H. Otley Beyer about the past peopling of the Philippines is now considered untenable by modern scholars. They questi 1 the manner by which the possibleness was formulated because of the absence of historical or archeological proofs to support it. The Asian texture of Filipino culture from the prehistoric Spanish times, therefore, could be traced to evolutionary factors, the continous migrations of people and the first contacts with other Asian civilizations. INDIAN INFLUENCESIndian influences were traceable in the languages, religious belief, literature, customs and traditions of early(a) Filipinos. The Supreme God of the ancient Tagalog was Bathala, which came from the Sanskrit contrive Bhattara (great Lord) Among the pre-Islamic natives of Sulu, Indra Battara was the most prominent deity, Indra, being the sky god. The other gods the natives believed were of Indian or Vedic in orig in such as Agni (fire god) and Surya (sun god). The epics of the early Filipinos such as the Biag ni Lam-Ang of the ilocanos, Mahabharata, the Indian epic.Some Filipino superstitious beliefs that originated from India were 1. A comet is a bad sign it brings war, famine and other calamities. 2. A heavy(predicate) woman must not eat twin bananas for she will expire birth to twins. The putong (headgear) of the early Filipino male was Indian origin. So was the sarong (Indian sari), the reduce p artifice of the clothing of pre-Spanish women. Indian influences on Filipino culture be clearly manifested by the presence of Sanskrit words in Tagalog language. Dr. T. H. Pardo de Tavera mentions 340 Sanskrit words. Examples atomic number 18 SanskritTagalog . Atawaasawa (spouse) 2. Amaama (father) 3. Raharaha ( pansy) 4. Harihari (king) 5. Kottakuta (fort) 6. Gandaganda (beauty) 7. Bhattarabathala (god) 8. Mutyamutya (pearl) 9. Inaina (mother) Malaysian INFLUENCES The Maragtas For lack of historical or archeological data, the Maragtas or the great recital about the Ten Bornean Datus who came to Panay may be part-history and part-fiction. According to this great story, at around 1250 AD, ten datus and their families left Borneo to escape the repressive rule of sultan Makatunaw and to establish new homes across the seas.Led by Datu Puti, the Malays landed in Panay Island where they negotiated with Marikudo, the Negrito king for the barter of the lowlands. The agreed price was one golden salakot for the Ati king and one gold necklace for Maniwangtiwang, Marikudos wife. The barter of Panay was sealed by an agreement of fellowship between the Atis and the Malays. The Negritos, after performing their merry songs and dances, retreated to the mountains. there are some interesting coincidences, however, between the legend of Maragtas and Panay customs and traditions.To this day, the ati-atihan, a vivid song and dance festival is celebrated in Aklan. This is to re-enact th e warm acceptable accorded to the Malays by the Atis, which resulted to the purchase of Panay. W. H. Scott, the American missionary, in his doctoral dissertation (1968) comments There is no reason to doubt that this legend (Maragtas) preserves the memory of an substantial event, but it is not possible to date the event itself, or to purpose which of the details ar historical facts, and which are the embellishments of generations of oral transmission. CHINESE INFLUENCES The Chinese, who came to the Philippines, whether as traders or settlers, were primarily interested in trade, so their influences on Filipino life were mainly economic and social. The early Filipinos learned from the Chinese the art of metallurgy, the manufacture of gunpowder, mining methods and the use of porcelain, gongs, umbrellas, lead and kites. From the Chinese originated the dishes lumpia, mami, okoy, pansit, bihon, chop suey and siopao. Sauces bid toyo, and tawsi also came from the Chinese.Some Chinese cu stoms were eventually adopted by the Filipinos. The governance of marriage of children by parents, the use of go-between in negotiating marriage, the use of snow-white clothes or dress during the period of mourning and the filial mention for elders accorded by the children were examples of practices borrowed from the Chinese. About a thousand words are implant in the Filipino language. Among them are the following ChineseFilipino 1 Inkongingkong 2 Hebihibi 3 A-chiate 4 Bi-koebiko 5 Dikiamdikiam Pin-topinto 7 Sosisusi 8 Mikimiki 9 Bakkiahbakya 10 Pansitpansit Nipponese RELATIONS The Filipinos had been trading with the Japanese long before the coming of the Spaniards. Japanese bahan (merchants) and wakos (pirates) sailed the South China Sea seeking for Sung and Yuan wares conceal in Philippines graves, iron and woolens for Filipino gold and wax. The Japanese immigrants who came to the Philippines during the pre-Spanish times colonised at the mouth of the Cagayan River, the Ling ayen disconnection area, and Manila.The first recorded encounter between the Japanese and the Spaniards was in 1572 when Juan de Salcedo, while sailing from Manila to Ilocos, fought off one-third Japanese junks off the coast of Pangasinan. The Japanese pirates sailed away, after fierce fighting. In 1582, an expedition led by Captain Juan Pablo Carreon assaulted a Japanese liquidation founded by the pirate Tayfusa at the mouth of Cagayan River. The Japanese were forced to countenance the place. The early Japanese merchants also traded with Agoo, a town in the Lingayen Gulf area.They brought with them utensils, assorted weapons, salted meats and other Japanese were better treated and nodiscrimatory decrees were make against them. The Spaniards respected and feared them. ARABIC INFLUENCES Arabias most enduring legacy to the peoples of Sulu and Mindanao is Islam. The Arabs also introduced the sultanate form of government, Arabic art and literature the Arabic alphabet the Koranic Law the mosque the art of warfare- lantaka(cannon), vinta(warboat) and the kuta(fort).The Luwaran, a code of laws and compilation of the customs and traditions of the early Muslims, was written in Arabic. The Maranaos Darangan (epic poetry), Maguindanaos Indarapatra and Sulayman and Sulus Parang Sabil were deeply animate by Islam. Arabic influence is also clearly seen in the decorative and ornamental art of the maranaos, who are the best known wood carvers and painters of the region. Arabic words are also found in the Filipino language. Examples are surat(letter), apu(old man), akma (appropriate), arak (wine), alamat (legend), maalem (knowing), pirate (scar) and salam (thanks).