Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Case Study ExampleHowever, in order to provide the required function to its customers, C&S had to raise its operational costs shrink its margins and improve its customers human relationship management. This also forced Cohen to hire to a greater extent than employees thus, leading to coordination issues. The coordination issues led to the need of hiring more supervisors than before. The result was overcrowding in the workspace. The employees were mare exposed to accidents due to congestion. Eventually, the employee morale lowered, and there was an increase in turnover. Thus, in order to unclutter these problems, Cohen thought it wise to in cooperate the concept of self managed team ups.C&S is currently approach a difficulty in controlling its operations. The number of employees has increased due to the increase in workload. Having won the deal to be the sole wholesaler to A&P, C&S is currently in a state of inefficiency. The workplace overcrowded, and risks of injuries have a bun in the oven risen. The working hours have increased, and the morale of the employees has reduced due to the workload thy have to do each day, leaving them very tired at the end of the day. Cohen is challenged on what to do. He is non sure of whether the method of self managed team is a brilliant idea, or not. The current situation is unity of doubts and confusion.Work at C&S is perfect if handled properly. The fact that they have won a bulky customer on their side shows the enormous opportunity for the family to make more profit, and win more clients. However, the strategy of how to handle the work is what is missing. Employing more people means spending more money. For a company to succeed there has to be a way by which the management ensures that more money is make as compared to what is spent. However, in C&S, it seems a lot of money is being spent in hiring more employees.This situation is a remarkably convenient opportunity to use self managed team. A self managed team would help in the reduction of the supervisors

Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization Essay

Analyzing the Management Information establishment of an Organization - Essay ExampleThe essay Analyzing the Management Information System of an Organization makes use of the HR Frames and The Political Frame to see what reasons in that location are for failures of the two major organizations being discussed - Senior disunite Gift Committee and Bryant Senior Advisory Council, and examines the capabilities of the leaders in handling their responsibilities. The symbolic frame emphasizes the creation of culture as a central role in leadership. Leaders should know they must movement simultaneously on staff needs and skills, on goals and roles and the dynamics of political power and conflict. But there is something that operates beyond all these, an intangible manifestation that reflects the ethos or climate of the university. In Bolman and Deals terms, what is close to important is not what happens but what it means. In SCG and BSAs case, this frame is portrayed by the interpersona l alliance that the officers have towards the other members and towards themselves as well. This frame of leadership helps the leaders re-compose themselves for the sake of the whole organizations benefit. This is the easiest issue that needs to be dealt with in Bryant University.Meanwhile, the structural frame emphasizes the importance of formal roles and relationships. Structures- commonly picture by means of organizational charts - are created to fit an organizations environment and technology.The focalise is on organizational direction and goals.

The extent of bankers' awareness, attitude towards social enterprises Dissertation

The extent of bankers awareness, military capability towards social first steps business modes and social enterprises ability to attr - Dissertation ExampleMajor focus is placed on the objectives of the organizations. Social enterprises jakes be of different types. For example, a social enterprise can take the fake of share capital organization, or it may be a non-share capital enterprise that is generally cognise to be as non-profit corporation, or it may take the form of a cooperative, or it may be built done partnership, or it may take the shape of a sole proprietorship. (Conaty, 2001 Martin and Thompson, 2009 Brooks, 2008) Very often, a social enterprise is created as a profit making independent organization having some peculiar(prenominal) social values implanted in its business activities. Some sentences a social enterprise is built in order to generate revenues for financial backing the activities of a non-profit enterprise, while in some some other cases a social e nterprise is simply a profit-generating subsidiary of a non-profit corporation. Most of the social enterprises plight at breakeven point or generate quite small level of profits. However, some social enterprises can be quite profitable. Everything depends on the purposes for which the social enterprises are set up. ... Second, Smallbone et al (2001) is of the opinion that the utilization of surpluses generated through their economic activities for fulfilling a social objective is the prime distinguishing characteristic of social enterprise. How social enterprises are financed A number of literatures have put some focus on the financing of social enterprises (Smallbone et al 2001 Bnak of England, 2003, Conaty, 2001 Westall, 2001). various studies have tries to identify the source of funds that social enterprises utilize to fulfill their noble objectives. In these studies it has been fix that social enterprises generally are not capable of generating sufficient amount of revenues f rom the sales of goods and services for financing their social or environmental goals. The researchers have suggested that this shortfall in funding is most of time do up with grants. Grants towards social enterprises are generally provided by local, provincial or central government. Smallbone et al (2001) pointed step forward in his study that most of the types of social enterprise need grant support at the time of their initiation and early trading times. However, the level of grant support required generally varies on explanation of their activities and sizes. Smallbone et al (2001) interviewed 80 entrepreneurs who had set up social enterprises and they found that 39 percent of them obtained grants from European Commission, 49 percent from regional or central administration and 33 percent from the local government. This kind of funding is generally utilized to finance expenditures on capital. Conaty (2001) identified two largest sources of funds to finance expenditure on capit al in social enterprises. One of them is

Home Depot company - Case Analysis and report Study

Home Depot company - Analysis and report - Case Study ExampleThe otherwise external directors include Mark Vadon, Brown J, Albert C ary, Duane Ackeman, Armando Codina, Gregory Brenneman, Helena F and Bonnie Hill. The board is made up of two females and eight males.The average years of the BOD of the company is 58.3 years with ages ranging from 43years to 71years?The ethnicity of the BOD is diverse with maven Hispaniac who is Mr. Codina, One black, Ms Hill and Bousbib from France. The rest of the board members are Americans. The board members are highly qualify and all of them have had the expertise and experience of working in other companies in the top oversight level. The companies they have worked in include facebook, PepsiCo, UPS and the General Electric. Some of the members of the BOD have their own companies that they are rill and are competent enough to work in Home Depot. The education levels of the members are high with the least(prenominal) being a masters level. Most of the board members have attained a Bachelors and master in business and economics. A few members have Doctorates in business and one who is Ackerman having a bachelors peak in physics. The universities that the board members have attended for their degrees, Masters and Doctorate are highly accept in the world for quality education such as Harvard University.The board has been involved in study decision making in the company and they are the ones who give directions on how the company should be run. For example, in 2012, they made a decision of acquiring the Home Systems used in the US.Looking at the compensation that the board members receive, the rates defer for each member. Those board members who are employed in the company are compensated differently from those who are not employed by the company. The compensation is paid off in two forms which include shares and cash payment. In the year 2012, each nonemployee of the board received $280,000. $250,000

The Role of New Media Technologies in the Promotion Research Proposal

The Role of New Media Technologies in the Promotion - Research Proposal ExampleIt is the evolutionary break between the world before the internet and the world that has emerged since its proliferation. The path in which manhood straight off communicate has had an elementary shift. Communication is accomplished through writing, verbalizing or through interpretation of imagery. Communication is codified with signals that indicate the context for the content. The impersonal nature of internet communication has been counterbalance for by the development of cordial languages that are in many ways kinder and friendlier than in previous forms of to a greater extent formal communication. Therefore, the nature of how feeling is indicated in written language has become symbolized through pictorials, shortened references such(prenominal) as lol, meaning express emotion out loud, and the use of capital letters or small letters. Furthermore, because of the massive use of advertising, th e way in which movement of digital imagery and impact of color usage has been delimit has changed elements of the way in which humans respond to what they see (Lievrouw and Livingstone 2006, p. 37).It is the evolutionary break between the world before the internet and the world that has emerged since its proliferation. The way in which humans now communicate has had an elementary shift. Communication is accomplished through writing, verbalizing or through interpretation of imagery. Communication is codified with signals that indicate the context for the content. The impersonal nature of internet communication has been compensated for by the development of social languages that are in many ways kinder and friendlier than in previous forms of more formal communication. Therefore, the nature of how emotion is indicated in written language has become symbolized through pictorials, shortened references such as lol, meaning laugh out loud, and the use of capital letters or small letters. Furthermore, because of the heavy use of advertising, the way in which movement of digital imagery and impact of color usage has been defined has changed elements of the way in which humans respond to what they see (Lievrouw and Livingstone 2006, p. 37). The use of a window display is the depression step of VM (visual marketing). In creating a window that has an allure to the shopper, the shop is creating a marketing dialogue with the authority buyer. The window, through the use of the media of interior design, art, and visual communication, sustains a communication with the consumer in providing information about seasonal changes and the point of view of the collection within the store. The use of strategic communication addresses the brand of the store eyepatch the tactical communication is defined by the changes of seasons as interpreted by the collection and the promotions that are clip specific (Bhalla, Swati, and Anuraag 2010, p. 145). Through the use of a well-designed window, a shop can help a shopper empathise what to expect once inside the door as well as attract them into the outlet.

Leadership Theories and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Theories and Practice - Essay ExampleThere could however be a general idea in the minds of either other person who tries to define leadership. At least every one may be thinking of the practice of heading a group of people. With this basic knowledge, McCrimmon (2010) defines a leader as a larger-than-life individual in charge of some group - team, beau monde or country. Quite related to what McCrimmon (2010) states, the Team Technology (2011) posit that leadership is setting a saucily direction or vision for a group that they follow, that is a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. maven factor that continues to make the acquisition of a single definition to leadership and who a leader is unimagin equal to(p) is the fact that different leaders lead their people and run leadership with different styles and theories. This is to say that in that location seem not to be a single way in which all leaders go about leadership. Leading on, this unevenness and differ ences in leadership styles and theories bring out a realization that it is highly difficult to point out to who a good leader is. This paper therefore attempts to show by the use of examples of past and present leaders that the most in force(p) leaders ar those who atomic number 18 able to apply the most appropriate leadership styles and theories at the right time to get a leadership decision successfully implemented. This stand is taken against the position that effective and good leaders must be judged or identified by virtue of the possession of certain qualities and technical skills. In a sustain by Daniel Goleman (1995), it was put forth that the traditional qualities associated with leadership- such as intelligence, toughness and possessing certain skills are mandatory for success, but are insufficient in accurately conveying the abilities of a true leader. There are complex components that pick out been found to be more crucially associated with effective leadership th at go beyond intellectual abilities and technical skills and these components are exactly what this paper seeks to reveal. Different Theories, Different Leaders Theories of leadership have evolved over the years to describe the different ways in which different leaders have govern and led their people. The diversities associated with these theories point to one fact and that is, there are different leaders. Two of these leadership theories are discussed in this section to proof that effective leadership cannot be generalized but must be based on the kind of leadership theory at use. Trait Theory Debate in literature on whether or not leaders are born continues unabated. In attribute theory, reddened (2011) points out that the trait theory functions on the assumption that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them go bad suited to leadership. For this reason, trait theory sees leadership and for that matter effective leadership from a viewpoint, where leaders are s upposed to possess certain behavioral and personality characteristics in order to be judged as effective or good. Trait theorists would there look for people with certain skills and attributes to take up leadership positions earlier than training ordinary persons to take up leadership positions. Some of the traits attributed to great leaders with reference to the trait theory are dominant (desire to influence others), energetic (high activity level), persistent, self-confident, tolerant of stress, adaptable to situations, alert to tender environment, ambitious,

Nucleons Stocks in the Stock Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nucleons Stocks in the Stock Market - Essay ExampleIn this way, the investors in the stock market testament automatically become makeers or stockholders of Nucleon. Second, Nucleon can componentrate cash from loans. This great(p) sum debt will create a creditor-debtor relationship. The debtor will be Nucleon whereas the creditor will be the keep company or individual that lends money to Nucleon. The following paragraphs explain why the pilot in-house capital budgeting is the best investing cream in this case study(Louderback, 326).I recommend that the company pursue its plans to set up its throw pilot plant. This is the best choice of the three possible alternatives. For, the second alternative is not a high-priced choice because the triad party that will be contracted by Nucleon may not have got the capacity or the money to produce the CRP -1 gene knockoff. Furthermore, the most important factor in not choosing alternative 2 is confidentiality. Meaning, there is a possib ility, even a small one, that the subcontracted ordinal party will abuse its responsibility not to divulge or abuse the confidential formula or processes in manufacturing the CRP -1 gene clone(Needles, 367).In terms of risk, the third party may then set up its own marketing department and to sell the CRP -1 gene clones without reporting such sales to Nucleon and pocket the profits themselves. Further, the third party will then eat away or pirate many of CRP - gene clone clients. As for the other choice which is to license manufacturing and marketing rights to another biotechnology group, it is worst than the subcontract choice here. For, the chosen biotechnology group could then learn the secret formula and confidential processes of mass producing CRP -1 gene clones. In fact, the upfront cash that the Nucleon will receive in exchange for the secret processes and formulas given to the third party to produce the CRP -1 gene clone is only a small matter.

I'll attach it Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ill attach it - act Exampleinstances that for these parties will come to a form of settlement third parties atomic number 18 needed to hold in that there would be a mutual agreement on the standing issues that resulted into the war.The Middle East has been the neck of the woods seemed to be plagued by wars and conflicts from the latter part of the 20th century up to the time this paper is beingness written. Other countries, like the United States of America had tried to their utmost capability to aid in situations that seemed to be pointless and either parties or countries involved in the war are fighting a losing cause. This is not the first and only conflict that the USA tried to give a helping hand. Also, the USA overly had their hands dirty over against other countries that might be using excessive power against the other. USA seemed to be acting like the big brothers of smaller countries especially those who belong to the third world.As constant as change, the countries i nvolved in wars also changes side. Those countries that might be allies for a certain point in time would be the ones involved in another in a not so removed future. An example would be USA and the faction that was led by Osama store Laden. Who would have thought that these devil parties would end up killing each others member? America once fought with Bin Laden against the Soviet Union in the past century. As change took its course, America once again had its hands dirty against the Bin Laden-led organization. Hundreds were killed from both parties, even Bin Laden himself. As Ronald Reagan put it into words, the mountain including the group of Bin Laden are the brothers of American people. This instance is not the first in the stories comprehend by many that brothers killed their own brother. The usual reason why a person can pull up such crime is envy.There are countless reasons why conflicts and war would start. An example is the Middle East. This country is dominated by A rab countries with the exception of a few, few being one or two countries that are

The Effect of Learing Styles With Young Learners Research Paper

The Effect of Learing Styles With Young Learners - Research Paper ExampleThis paper stresses that traditional methods of direction neer addressed the needs of each and every people in the class. The teacher often adopts a cat valium strategy for everyone irrespective of whether the student is brilliant or not. The teacher never bothered about article of belief individually. In the traditional methods of teaching, punishments were implemented as part of motivating the students. Traditional methods never focused in developing the skills of the students. It focused simply in injecting volumes of content into the minds of the students. In other words, traditional methods emphasized much on knowledge and understanding while avoiding the needs of application and the skill development. As per the current nurture concepts, the curriculum is revolving around the student rather than the teacher. The needs of the students have given more priority in the current classroom teaching methods. Based on these changing concepts of learning, the learning styles were given more greatness in the present curriculum. This report makes a conclusion that learning styles have an important role in helping the student for proper learning. Different students may have different learning styles because of their individual differences due to heredity and environment. Instead of avoiding passive students, the teachers should try to understand the learning styles of each student and in influence to teach them effectively and to make them active in the classroom. The teacher should adopt audio, video mediums along with kinaesthetic and tactile mediums for making the learning meaningful. Meta cognitive system is more dominant compared to the cognitive system in the learning process and the teacher must realize it in order to devise effective teaching strategies.

Spartacus 1960 - Defining freedom and evoking compassion Essay

Spartacus 1960 - delineate freedom and evoking compassion - Essay ExampleA gut wrenching storyline within the movie revolves around Tony Curtis, playing Antoninus, who is a beautiful young man who is put in a office to have his sexuality compromised by occasionful Roman citizen, Marcus Licinius Crassus, played by Laurence Olivier. The central scene that creates the implication was cut from the original film but was later restored on DVD, giving a powerful impudently dimension to the character Antoninus that Curtis portrayed. Antoninus can now be viewed as a symbol for those who are sexually enslaved, who cannot say no for one reason or another, and are and have been victimized through and throughout history. His pic can be seen to represent those whose bodies are used without consent, including slaves, children, and women who have been oppressed as the possessions of men through history. As a viewer, one is driven towards a protective emotional state when Curtis is threatened by sexual victimization. Spartacus was a powerful gladiator, however it was not his physical strength that made him a formidable leader, but his cunning in using what could be found along their travels in order to fleck the Roman forces. The story of Spartacus informs the viewer of the possibilities of the human spirit, while revealing the darkness that can come from having power over another person. Watching Spartacus (1960) is like experiencing a bittersweet triumph, the heart breaking as he dies, but the spirit soaring on the wings of his accomplishment in freeing the hearts of so many.

Journal Entry One Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Journal Entry One - Assignment ExampleAn estimable culture is cultivated where the leaders behave in an ethical manner as the other plys get that as they are also rewarded.The Enron and Tyco scandals shows that un-ethical practices, lack of leadership, and financially corruption are the three reasons that lead to the let out of the these giants that had been in operation and doing good business over the years. These two companies did not have effective entry and ethics program since these scandals took long to be unearthed and this shows they did not have proper follow-ups for the leadership and also those staff that knew about it did not take it upon them to disclose them.A few months ago I worked for a order that did not follow the guidelines since the stated organisation ethics were only written and were openly seen to be followed plain by the management since mistakes were committed but no due process was followed to punish the offenders. This gave a prospect to all staff to do as they wished.Ellen, V. V., & Ascalon, E. (2008). The role and impact of leadership development in documentation ethical action in organisations. The Journal of Management Development, 27(2), 187-195. doi

Are Clausewitz theory of Friction and Means and Ends relevant to a Research Paper

argon Clausewitz opening of Friction and Means and Ends relevant to a college student today - Research Paper suitIt is important to remember that the fog stems from corrupted information and so, the US officers can get better equal to(p) to see and interpret everything by making advancements in information technologies. This look paper is basically an begin to scrutinize the extent to which the Clausewitzian concepts on struggle can be considered relevant today for college students by exploring what the research literature has to say on the subject. Carl Von Clausewitz served in military army and developed many momentous theories somewhat warfare. Those theories can be found in his epic book On War which was still raw(prenominal) when he died. He has gained more reputation till now as a military theoriser than a military professional. The fact that Clausewitzs work is still frenetically researched demonstrates that it is found relevant charge today in contemporary times. Al so, my opinion is that I appreciate and enjoy Clausewitzs theoretical approaches to war. I believe that he has conveyed what it takes to really understand the phenomenon of war through his insightful theories which can be serviceable to anybody even today in the modern times. According to Clausewitz, war is served by many activities (2008, p. ... In his theory about mover and end, he favors strategy over tactics. His concept of tactics is a confluence of two streams, agent (fighting forces) and ends (victory) suggesting that better trained fighting forces can lead to victory if they are more experience at seeing and processing information on the battlefield. This is because once the means are properly developed, the purposes of the war get clearer, and the desired objectives can be reached without unnecessary delays due to uncertainty (fog). However, in strategy the means is victory and the end is things which can help to reestablish peace. Just victory is not important, reesta blishment of peace should in any case be a desired end. I find Clausewitzs theoretical concepts to be both challenging and acutely insightful because he digs with acute intelligence into a variety of meanings associated with friction and means and ends, and the best part is that every meaning holds something captivating to reflect. Clausewitz holds the position that the rate of probability is especially lavishly in a situation like war because everything is uncertain. Here, he goes against earlier war theorists who attempted to astutely assess the war performance by using hard and fast rules. For this purpose, the earlier theorists concentrated yet on factors which could be calculated like the war supplies, number of participants (soldiers), interior lines etc. They forgot to assess the action of war by considering factors which do not have fixed values and cannot be calculated. It is the work of those theorists which cannot be considered relevant today because the times have changed and there is no room for those inflexible concepts on war now. Clausewitzs work on war in reference to its relevance today

Group Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Analysis - Essay ExampleThe ply environment also teems with multitudeings, either of friends or groups put together to facilitate the achievement of a specific organizational goal. The next stage in life is to form families of their own which atomic number 18 also groups with the troll beginning all over again. Almost all activities carried out by people are through in groups, making them a core element of study with relation to understanding human behaviour. gibe to Forsyth, groups have long been the subject of interest to both researchers and scholars (2006). Extensive studies have been carried out with regard to how groups are conceived and how they are later dissolved this includes how they are transformed and how they are used to either realize cause aims, or how they can be used to execute offenses (Forsyth 2006). This paper discusses group dynamics and communication deep down a group of first class undergraduate nursing students, participating in a peer-led te am up learn group. I participated in a peer-led team learning group in my first year as a nursing student therefore, this assignment is an overview of my observations of the group. The use of peer learning is a radiation pattern that has been adopted in many universities worldwide, as a means to improve students understanding of concepts through corroborative discussions that take place in small groups, and where the discourse encourages as many questions as there energy be, from students (Peer-Led Team Learning 2013). It is a fact that most students feel free around their fellow students, sooner than around their lecturers and professors. This makes them more inclined to discuss concepts and questions with other students, than with a lecturer or professor. Peer-led team learning holds the strengths of being a method that enhances student engagement and motivation in learning, as well as overall performance (Centre for the Study of Higher Education 2002). This is due to the fact that in the process, students learn to bring effectively as they work in teams, while peer leaders gain self-confidence, learn a number of group management skills, and how to teach. In this context, students were requested to band themselves into groups of four. Two peer leaders (i.e. group leader and assistant group leader) for each group were then selected from third and fourth year students, who had displayed typic performance in class. As a way of equipping them with the necessary skills, the peer leaders were interpreted through brief training mainly focussed on how to handle groups. When this was set, each group was devoted a structured problem to solve. According to the guidelines, each group was required to meet twice all week, and members were given the privilege to choose the best time for their discussions. Description of Peer Leaders and Group Members Characteristics and Behaviours 1. tom (Group leader) He is a fourth year nursing student. He is firm, confident, an d resourceful. His resilience and optimism helps him conquer complex problems. He also has a very open minded approach to things. He is however quite scurvy in time management since he often comes late for the discussions, and is usually late to meet deadlines. His deficiency of respect for time and set deadlines is at times considered as lack of respect towards the assistant group leader and group members. 2. Olivia (Assistant group leader) She is a third year nursing stud

Recommendations for Reducing Inconsiderate Partying in the UDR Apartme Research Paper - 1

Recommendations for Reducing Inconsiderate Partying in the UDR Apartment through a A No-Inconsiderate-Partying Contract - Research Paper ExampleA No-Inconsiderate-Partying (NIP) admit is recommended because it can impressively and efficiently prevent and resolve insensitive parties in the UDR flatbed. The contract will pass water a section on empathy, designation of quiet hours, a recommendation of other outlets where renters can party, and sanctions for violators, including cancellation of the lease. I also suggest a party room for every floor and enhancement of the soundproof gauge of all rooms. These are more costly suggestions but they can increase profits and improve the life story experience and brand equity. Hence, the most cost-efficient and effective is the No-Inconsiderate-Partying (NIP) contract that has high management and renter acceptability and sustainability.I am a recurring victim of inconsiderate partying in the UDR apartment at man College Park. Some of the renters here party up to 3 a.m. during weekdays. Though the apartment has students and employees renters alike, many renters are rattling students since this apartment is in College Park, and this really makes it more inconceivable how they can be quite insensitive to the peace and studying needs of other students like them. I could not always tell them to lower their noises because I am afraid of dealing with drunken adolescents and adults and because there have been times when I told them to lower their noise, which they did for a few minutes, and then they increased the noise again. I have gone to the apartment staff of the UDR apartment at Domain College Park to complain about these party noises. The staff stressed that they have a no-party policy and that they would remind the roomsinhabitants about it. These partying noises continue up to now. Clearly, the no-party policy is not effective in deterring or resolving insensitive partiers.

Getting more programs like DARE for children of younger ages Essay

Getting more computer architectural plans like refuse for children of younger ages - Essay ExampleDARE is such a type of education that is arranged for the education of people so that they faeces murder awargonness about restrictive drugs and associated aggressive attitudes. For children, the education program is very advantageous as they are able to know about categorized drugs along with their effects on people. The program is an outcome of the hold out of war on drugs. In the United States, DARE program is handled by police officers as they declare the responsibility of handling all law related matters. Usage of drugs also comes under the law collectable to which, the police department is given the accountability to control drug-related issues and to educate the masses about the abuse. DARE program is an old program and is offered to different age groups. It is instructed that the education under this drug related program should be provided to students of grade 5 to higher levels. They gain assistance about risky situations and pressure from people around them related to drug usage. They are instructed to make their own personal selections for handling any kind of pressure. His program is very fruitful for children as they are able to handle different category of peoples pressure related to drug usage. There are many other drug education programs that can be used for assistance of children of younger ages. Drug education must be made imperative in schools so that children face no hazardous situations. They must be fully instructed about drugs and miscellaneous programs should be used to instruct the children of younger ages.

Blood pressure Essay Example for Free

profligate shove EssayBlood compress (BP), sometimes referred to as arterial smear ram, is the instancyexerted by circulating stemma upon the w all(prenominal)s of ocellus vessels, and is peerless of the principal resilient signs. When apply without further stipulation, communication channel cart usually refers to t sp mightilylinesserial oblige of the carcassic circulation. During each sum of moneybeat, billet tweet varies amongst a level best (systolic) and a minimum (diastolic) closet.1 The tide rip nip in the circulation is principally collectable to the pumping action of the sum total.2 Differences in incriminate derivation line embrace ar responsible for railway line coalesce from one location to some former(a)wise in the circulation. The rate of mean production line fall depends on the resistance to emanate arrangeed by the broth vessels. Mean business line wardrobe decreases as the circulating blood moves away from the message b y dint of arteries and capillaries due to viscous losses of energy. Mean blood pinch drops everywhere the whole circulation, although close to of the fall occurs along the small arteries and arterioles.3 Gravity affects blood mechanical press via hydrostatic forces (e.g., during standing) and valves in veins, breathing, and pumping from contraction of cadaveric muscles also influence blood blackjack in veins.2The bar blood pressure without further specification usually refers to the systemic arterial pressure deliberate at a soulfulnesss upper arm and is a measure of the pressure in the brachial artery, major artery in the upper arm. A persons blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the systolic pressure everyplace diastolic pressure and is measurable in millimetres of hydrargyrum (mmHg), for object lesson 120/80.The table on the right line of battles the classification of blood pressure adopted by the Ameri faeces Heart Association for adults who ar 18 years a nd older.4 It assumes the set argon a vector sum of averaging blood pressure readings metric at ii or much vi beats to the doctor.67In the UK, blood pressures atomic number 18 usually categorised into three groups low (90/60 or pull down), steep (140/90 or higher(prenominal)), and standard (value above 90/60 and below one hundred thirty/80).89Normal range of blood pressureWhile amount values for arterial pressure could be computed for any given population, at that place is lots a large variation from person to person arterial pressure also varies in individuals from signifi female genitaliace to moment. Additionally, the amount of any given population whitethorn drive scale a questionable correlation with its general health thus the relevance of such come values is equally questionable. However, in a study of 100 gentleman subjects with no known history of high blood pressure, an average blood pressure of 112/64 mmHg was make up,10 which are currently classifie d as desirable or normal values. Normal values fluctuate through the 24-hour cycle, with highest readings in the afternoons and lowest readings at night.1112Various factors, such as age and sex influence average values, influence a persons average blood pressure and variations. In children, the normal ranges are disgrace than for adults and depend on height.13 As adults age, systolic pressure tends to rise and diastolic tends to fall.14 In the elderly, blood pressure tends to be above the normal adult range,15 largely because of trim down flexibleness of the arteries. Also, an individuals blood pressure varies with exercise, emotional reactions, sleep, digestion and time of day.Differences betwixt left and right arm blood pressure measurings tend to be random and average to nearly zero if enough measurements are taken. However, in a small percentage of cases there is a consistent difference greater than 10 mmHg which whitethorn motivation further investigation, e.g. for obstru ctive arterial disease.1617The risk of cardiovascular disease increases progressively above 115/75 mmHg.18 In the past, hypertension was only diagnosed if secondary signs of high arterial pressure were present, along with a lengthy high systolic pressure reading over several visits. Regarding hypotension, in practice blood pressure is considered too low only if noniceable symptoms are present.5Clinical trials demonstrate that people who chief(prenominal)tain arterial pressures at the low end of these pressure ranges confound much better long term cardiovascular health. The principal medical exam debate concerns the aggressiveness and relative value of method actings employ to glower pressures into this range for those who do non maintain such pressure on their own. Elevations, more(prenominal) commonly seen in older people, though often considered normal, are associated with increased morbidity and mortality.PhysiologyThere are many an(prenominal) physical factors that i nfluence arterial pressure. Each of these may in turn be influenced by physiological factors, such as diet, exercise, disease, drugs or alcohol, stress, obesity, and so-forth.20Some physical factors are Volume of mobile or blood volume, the amount of blood that is present in the body. The more blood present in the body, the higher the rate of blood return to the heart and the resulting cardiac output. There is some relationship between dietary salt intake and increased blood volume, potentially resulting in higher arterial pressure, though this varies with the individual and is highly dependent on autonomic head-in-the-clouds system resolution and the renin-angiotensin system.212223 Resistance. In the circulatory system, this is the resistance of the blood vessels. The higher the resistance, the higher the arterial pressure upstream from the resistance to blood flow. Resistance is related to vessel radius (the large the radius, the lower the resistance), vessel length (the longe r the vessel, the higher the resistance), blood viscosity, as well as the smoothness of the blood vessel walls. Smoothness is reduced by the build up of fatty deposits on the arterial walls. Substances called vasoconstrictors tolerate reduce the size of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. Vasodilators (such as nitroglycerin) increase the size of blood vessels, thereby decreasing arterial pressure. Resistance, and its relation to volumetric flow rate (Q) and pressure difference between the two ends of a vessel are described by Poiseuilles Law. Viscosity, or thickness of the fluid. If the blood gets thicker, the result is an increase in arterial pressure. Certain medical conditionscan change the viscosity of the blood. For instance, anemia (low red blood cell concentration), reduces viscosity, whereas increased red blood cell concentration increases viscosity. It had been thought that aspirin and related blood thinner drugs decreased the viscosity of blood, but instead studies found24 that they act by reducing the tendency of the blood to clot.In practice, each individuals autonomic nervous system responds to and regulates all these interacting factors so that, although the above issues are important, the developed arterial pressure response of a given individual varies widely because of both split-second and slow-moving responses of the nervous system and end organs. These responses are very effective in changing the variables and resulting blood pressure from moment to moment.Moreover, blood pressure is the result of cardiac output increased by marginal resistance blood pressure = cardiac output Xperipheral resistance. As a result, an abnormal change in blood pressure is often an indication of a problem affecting the hearts output, the blood vessels resistance, or both. Thus, knowing the patients blood pressure is critical to assess any pathology related to output and resistance.Mean arterial pressureThe mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the ave rage over a cardiac cycle and is realized by the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), and central venous pressure (CVP),25Curve of the arterial pressure during one cardiac cycle The up and down fluctuation of the arterial pressure results from the pulsatile nature of thecardiac output, i.e. the flash bulb. The neural im shiver pressure is determined by the interaction of thestroke volume of the heart, compliance (ability to expand) of the aorta, and the resistance to flow in the arterial tree. By expanding under pressure, the aorta absorbs some of the force of the blood s itching from the heart during a heartbeat. In this way, the pulse pressure is reduced from what it would be if the aorta wasnt compliant.26 The loss of arterial compliance that occurs with aging explains the elevated pulse pressures found in elderly patients.The pulse pressure can be simply calculated from the difference of the measured systolic and diastolic pressures,26Armleg gradientThe ar mleg (blood pressure) gradient is the difference between the blood pressure measured in the arms and that measured in the legs. It is normally less than 10 mmHg,27 but may be increased in e.g. coarctation of the aorta.27Vascular resistanceThe larger arteries, including all large enough to see without magnification, are conduits with low vascular resistance (assuming no advanced atherosclerotic changes) with high flow rates that generate only small drops in pressure. The smaller arteries and arterioles bring higher resistance, and confer the main drop in blood pressure along the circulatory system.Vascular pressure waveModern physiology developed the concept of the vascular pressure wave (VPW). This wave is created by the heart during the systoleand originates in the ascending aorta. Much faster than the stream of blood itself, it is then transported through the vessel walls to the peripheral arteries. There the pressure wave can be palpated as the peripheral pulse. As the wave is r eflected at the peripheral veins, it runs back in a centripetal fashion.When the reflected wave meets the next outbound pressure wave, the pressure inner(a) the vessel rises higher than the pressure in the aorta. This concept explains why the arterial pressure inside the peripheral arteries of the legs and arms is higher than the arterial pressure in the aorta,282930 and in turn for the higher pressures seen at the ankle compared to the arm with normal ankle brachial pressure index values.RegulationThe endogenous convention of arterial pressure is not completely understood, but the following mechanisms of regulating arterial pressure have been well-characterized Baroreceptor reflex Baroreceptors in the high pressure receptor zones detect changes in arterial pressure. These baroreceptors send signals in conclusion to the medulla of the brain stem, specifically to the Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The medulla, by way of the autonomic nervous system, adjusts the mean arteria l pressure by altering both the force and speed of the hearts contractions, as well as the total peripheral resistance. The or so important arterial baroreceptors are located in the left and rightcarotid sinuses and in the aortic arch.31 Renin-angiotensin system (reticular activating system) This system is generally known for its long-term adjustment of arterial pressure. This system allows the kidney to neutralize for loss in blood volume or drops in arterial pressure by initiate an endogenous vasoconstrictorknown as angiotensin II. Aldosterone release This steroid hormone is released from the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II or high serum potassiumlevels. Aldosterone stimulates sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys. Since sodium is the main ion that determines the amount of fluid in the blood vessels by osmosis, aldosterone will increase fluid retention, and indirectly, arterial pressure. Baroreceptors in low pressure receptor zones (mainly in th e venae cavae and the pulmonary veins, and in the atria) result in feedback by regulating the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH/Vasopressin), renin and aldosterone. The resultant increase inblood volume results an increased cardiac output by the FrankStarling law of the heart, in turn increasing arterial blood pressure.These contrary mechanisms are not necessarily independent of each other, as indicated by the link between the RAS and aldosterone release. Currently, the RAS is targeted pharmacologically by ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. The aldosterone system is directly targeted by spironolactone, an aldosterone antagonist. The fluid retention may be targeted by diuretics the antihypertensive effect of diuretics is due to its effect on blood volume. Generally, the baroreceptor reflex is not targeted in hypertensionbecause if blocked, individuals may suffer from orthostatic hypotension and fainting.MeasurementA medical student checking blood pressure u sing a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Arterial pressure is most commonly measured via a sphygmomanometer, which historically used the height of a column of mercury to reflect the circulating pressure.32 Blood pressure values are generally reported in millimetres of mercury (mmHg), though aneroid and electronic devices do not use mercury.For each heartbeat, blood pressure varies between systolic and diastolic pressures. systolic pressure is peak pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the end of the cardiac cyclewhen the ventricles are contracting. Diastolic pressure is minimum pressure in the arteries, which occurs near the beginning of the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are filled with blood. An example of normal measured values for a resting, healthy adult human is 120 mmHgsystolic and 80 mmHg diastolic (written as 120/80 mmHg, and spoken in the US and UK as one-twenty over eighty).Systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures are not static but undergo natural variati ons from one heartbeat to another and throughout the day (in a circadian rhythm). They also change in response to stress, nutritional factors, drugs, disease, exercise, and momentarily from standing up. Sometimes the variations are large. Hypertension refers to arterial pressure being abnormally high, as irrelevant to hypotension, when it is abnormally low. Along with body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, blood pressure is one of the four main vital signs routinely monitored by medical professionals and healthcare providers.33Measuring pressure invasively, by penetrating the arterial wall to take the measurement, is much less common and usually restricted to a hospital setting.noninvasiveThe noninvasive auscultatory and oscillometric measurements are simpler and quicker than invasive measurements, require less expertise, have virtually no complications, are less unpleasant and less painful for the patient. However, noninvasive methods may yield somewhat lower accuracy and small systematic differences in numerical results. Noninvasive measurement methods are more commonly used for routine examinations and observe.editPalpationA minimum systolic value can be roughly estimated by palpation, most often used in emergency situations, but should be used with caution.34 It has been estimated that, using 50% percentiles, carotid, femoral and radial pulses are present in patients with a systolic blood pressure 70 mmHg, carotid and femoral pulses alone in patients with systolic blood pressure of 50 mmHg, and only a carotid pulse in patients with a systolic blood pressure of 40 mmHg.34A more accurate value of systolic blood pressure can be obtained with a sphygmomanometer and palpating the radial pulse.35 The diastolic blood pressure cannot be estimated by this method.36 The American Heart Association recommends that palpation be used to get an estimate before using the auscultatory method.AuscultatoryAuscultatory method aneroid sphygmomanometer with st ethoscope mercury manometerThe auscultatory method (from the Latin word for listening) uses a stethoscope and asphygmomanometer. This comprises an inflatable (Riva-Rocci) thump placed around the upperarm at roughly the same vertical height as the heart, attached to a mercury or aneroidmanometer. The mercury manometer, considered the gold standard, measures the height of a column of mercury, giving an absolute result without need for calibration and, consequently, not subject to the errors and drift of calibration which affect other methods. The use of mercury manometers is often required in clinical trials and for the clinical measurement of hypertension in high-risk patients, such as pregnant women.A hand rap of appropriate size is fitted smoothly and snugly, then lofty manually by repeatedly liquidity crisis a rubber bulb until the artery is completely occluded. Listening with the stethoscope to the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in th e cuff. When blood just starts to flow in the artery, the debauched flow creates a whooshing or pounding (first Korotkoff sound). The pressure at which this sound is first heard is the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until no sound can be heard (fifth Korotkoff sound), at the diastolic arterial pressure.The auscultatory method is the predominant method of clinical measurement.37OscillometricThe oscillometric method was first demonstrated in 1876 and involves the annotation of oscillations in the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure38 which are caused by the oscillations of blood flow, i.e., the pulse.39 The electronic version of this method is sometimes used in long-term measurements and general practice. It uses a sphygmomanometer cuff, like the auscultatory method, but with an electronic pressure demodulator (transducer) to observe cuff pressure oscillations, electronics to automatically interpret them, and automatic inflation and deflation of the cuff. The pressure sensor should be calibrated periodically to maintain accuracy.Oscillometric measurement requires less skill than the auscultatory technique and may be suitable for use by untrained staff and for automated patient home monitoring.The cuff is inflated to a pressure initially in excess of the systolic arterial pressure and then reduced to below diastolic pressure over a period of nigh 30 seconds. When blood flow is nil (cuff pressure exceeding systolic pressure) or unimpeded (cuff pressure below diastolic pressure), cuff pressure will be essentially constant. It is essential that the cuff size is correct undersized cuffs may yield too high a pressure oversized cuffs yield too low a pressure. When blood flow is present, but restricted, the cuff pressure, which is monitored by the pressure sensor, will vary periodically in synchrony with the cyclic expansion and contraction of the brachial artery, i.e., it will oscillate. The values of systolic and diastolic pressure are c omputed, not actually measured from the raw data, using an algorithm the computed results are displayed.Oscillometric monitors may bring forth inaccurate readings in patients with heart and circulation problems, which include arterial sclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus.In practice the different methods do not give identical results an algorithm and experimentally obtained coefficients are used to adjust the oscillometric results to give readings which match the auscultatory results as well as possible. Some equipment uses computer-aided analysis of the instantaneous arterial pressure waveform to determine the systolic, mean, and diastolic points. Since many oscillometric devices have not been validated, caution must be given as most are not suitable in clinical and acute care settings.The term NIBP, for non-invasive blood pressure, is often used to describe oscillometric monitoring equipment.Continuous noninvasive techniques (CNAP)Continuous Noninvasive Arterial Pressure (CNAP) is the method of measuring arterial blood pressure in real-time without any interruptions and without cannulating the human body. CNAP combines the advantages of the following two clinical gold standards it measures blood pressure continuously in real-time like the invasive arterial catheter system and it is noninvasive like the standard upper arm sphygmomanometer. Latest developments in this field show promising results in terms of accuracy, ease of use and clinical acceptance.Non-occlusive techniques the Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) ruleSince the 90s a novel family of techniques based on the so-called Pulse wave velocity (PWV) principle have been developed. These techniques rely on the fact that the velocity at which an arterial pressure pulse travels along the arterial tree depends, among others, on the underlying blood pressure.40 Accordingly, after a calibration maneuver, these techniques provide indirect estimates of blood pressure by transl ating PWV values into blood pressure values.41The main advantage of these techniques is that it is possible to measure PWV values of a subject continuously (beat-by-beat), without medical supervision, and without the need of inflating brachial cuffs. PWV-based techniques are placid in the research domain and are not adapted to clinical settings.White-coat hypertensionFor some patients, blood pressure measurements taken in a doctors office may not correctly characterize their typical blood pressure.42 In up to 25% of patients, the office measurement is higher than their typical blood pressure. This type of error is calledwhite-coat hypertension (WCH) and can result from anxiety related to an examination by a health care professional.43 The misdiagnosis of hypertension for these patients can result in needless and possibly harmful medication. WCH can be reduced (but not eliminated) with automated blood pressure measurements over 15 to 20 minutes in a rest part of the office or clin ic.44Debate continues regarding the significance of this effect.citation needed Some reactive patients will react to many other stimuli throughout their daily lives and require treatment. In some cases a lower blood pressure reading occurs at the doctors office.45Home monitoringAmbulatory blood pressure devices that take readings every fractional hour throughout the day and night have been used for identifying and mitigating measurement problems like white-coat hypertension. Except for sleep, home monitoring could be used for these purposes instead of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.46 Home monitoring may be used to improve hypertension management and to monitor the effects of lifestyle changes and medication related to blood pressure.6Compared to ambulatory blood pressure measurements, home monitoring has been found to be an effective and lower cost alternative,464748 but ambulatory monitoring is more accurate than both clinic and home monitoring in diagnosing hypertension. A mbulatory monitoring is recommended for most patients before the start of antihypertensive drugs.49Aside from the white-coat effect, blood pressure readings outside of a clinical setting are usually slightly lower in the volume of people. The studies that looked into the risks from hypertension and the benefits of lowering blood pressure in affected patients were based on readings in a clinical environment.When measuring blood pressure, an accurate reading requires that one not drink coffee, smoke cigarettes, or engage in strenuous exercise for 30 minutes before taking the reading. A just bladder may have a small effect on blood pressure readings if the urge to urinate arises, one should do so before the reading.For 5 minutes before the reading, one should sit upright in a chair with ones feet flat on the floor and with limbs uncrossed. The blood pressure cuff should always be against bare skin, as readings taken over a shirt sleeve are less accurate. During the reading, the arm t hat is used should be relaxed and kept at heart level, for example by resting it on a table.50Since blood pressure varies throughout the day, measurements intended to monitor changes over longer time frames should be taken at the same time of day to ensure that the readings are comparable. Suitable times are immediately after awakening (before washing/dressing and taking breakfast/drink), while the body is still resting, immediately after finishing work.Automatic self-contained blood pressure monitors are available at reasonable prices, some of which are capable of Korotkoffs measurement in addition to oscillometric methods, enabling irregular heartbeat patients to accurately measure their blood pressure at home.InvasiveArterial blood pressure (BP) is most accurately measured invasively through an arterial line. Invasive arterial pressure measurement with intravascular cannulae involves direct measurement of arterial pressure by placing a cannula needle in an artery (usually radial, femoral,dorsalis pedis or brachial).The cannula must be connected to a sterile, fluid-filled system, which is connected to an electronic pressure transducer. The advantage of this system is that pressure is constantly monitored beat-by-beat, and a waveform (a graph of pressure against time) can be displayed. This invasive technique is regularly employed in human and veterinary intensive care medicine, anesthesiology, and for research purposes.Cannulation for invasive vascular pressure monitoring is infrequently associated with complications such as thrombosis, infection, andbleeding. Patients with invasive arterial monitoring require very close supervision, as there is a danger of severe bleeding if the line becomes disconnected. It is generally reserved for patients where rapid variations in arterial pressure are anticipated.Invasive vascular pressure monitors are pressure monitoring systems intentional to acquire pressure information for display and processing. There are a varie ty of invasive vascular pressure monitors for trauma, critical care, and operating room applications. These include single pressure, dual pressure, and multi-parameter (i.e. pressure / temperature). The monitors can be used for measurement and follow-up of arterial, central venous, pulmonary arterial, left atrial, right atrial, femoral arterial, umbilical cord venous, umbilical arterial, and intracranial pressures.Fetal blood pressureFurther information Fetal circulationBlood pressure In pregnancy, it is the fetal heart and not the mothers heart that builds up the fetal blood pressure to drive its blood through the fetal circulation.The blood pressure in the fetal aorta is approximately 30 mmHg at 20 weeks of gestation, and increases to approximately 45 mmHg at 40 weeks of gestation.51 The average blood pressure for full-term infantsSystolic 6595 mm HgDiastolic 3060 mm Hg52Blood pressure is the measurement of force that is applied to the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood throughout the body.53 The human circulatory system is 400,000 miles long, and the magnitude of blood pressure is not uniform in all the blood vessels in the human body. The blood pressure is determined by the diameter, flexibility and the amount of blood being pumped through the blood vessel.53 Blood pressure is also affected by other factors including exercise, stress level, diet and sleep.The average normal blood pressure in the brachial artery, which is the next direct artery from the aorta after the subclavian artery, is 120mmHg/80mmHg. Blood pressure readings are measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) using sphygmomanometer. Two pressures are measured and recorded namely as systolic and diastolic pressures.Systolic pressure reading is the first reading, which represents the maximum exerted pressure on the vessels when the heart contracts, while the diastolic pressure, the second reading, represents the minimum pressure in the vessels when the heart relaxes.54 Other m ajor arteries have resembling levels of blood pressure recordings indicating very low disparities among major arteries. The innominate artery, the average reading is 110/70mmHg, the right subclavian artery averages 120/80 and the abdominal aorta is 110/70mmHg.55 The relatively uniform pressure in the arteries indicate that these blood vessels act as a pressure author for fluids that are transported within them.Pressure drops gradually as blood flows from the major arteries, through the arterioles, the capillaries until blood is pushed up back into the heart via the venules, the veins through the vena cava with the help of the muscles. At any given pressure drop, the flow rate is determined by the resistance to the blood flow. In the arteries, with the absence of diseases, there is very comminuted or no resistance to blood. The vessel diameter is the most principal determinant to control resistance. Compared to other smaller vessels in the body, the artery has a much bigger diame ter (4mm), therefore the resistance is low.55In addition, flow rate (Q) is also the product of the cross-sectional area of the vessel and the average velocity (Q = AV). return rate is directly comparative to the pressure drop in a tube or in this case a vessel. P Q. The relationship is further described by Poisseulles equation P = 8lQ/r4.56 As evident in the Poisseulles equation, although flow rate is proportional to the pressure drop, there are other factors of blood vessels that contribute towards the difference in pressure drop in bifurcations of blood vessels. These include viscosity, length of the vessel, and radius of the vessel.Factors that determine the flows resistance as described by Poiseuilles relationship P pressure drop/gradient viscosity l length of tube. In the case of vessels with infinitely long lengths, l is replaced with diameter of the vessel. Q flow rate of the blood in the vessel r radius of the vesselAssuming steady, bedded flow in the vessel, the blood vessels behavior is similar to that of a pipe. For instance if p1 and p2 are pressures are at the ends of the tube, the pressure drop/gradient is57In the arterioles blood pressure is lower than in the major arteries. This is due to bifurcations, which cause a drop in pressure. The more bifurcations, the higher the total cross-sectional area, therefore the pressure across the surface drops. This is why the arterioles have the highest pressure-drop. The pressure drop of the arterioles is the product of flow rate and resistance P=Q xresistance. The high resistance observed in the arterioles, which factor largely in the P is a result of a smaller radius of about 30 m.58 The smaller the radius of a tube, the larger the resistance to fluid flow.Immediately following the arterioles are the capillaries. Following the logic obvserved in the arterioles, we expect the blood pressure to be lower in the capillaries compared to the arterioles. Since pressure is a function of force per unit area, (P = F/A), the larger the surface area, the lesser the pressure when an immaterial force acts on it. Though the radii of the capillaries are very small, the network of capillaries have the largest surface area in the vascular network. They are known to have the largest surface area (485mm) in the human vascular network. The larger the total cross-sectional area, the lower the mean velocity as well as the pressure.55Reynolds itemise also affects the blood flow in capillaries. Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynolds number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.59The Reynolds number (denoted NR or Re) is a relationship that helps determine the behavior of a fluid in a tube, in this case blood in the vessel. The equation for this dimensionless relationship is written as56 density of the blood v mean velocity of the blood L characteristic dimension of the vessel, in this case diameter viscosity o f bloodThe Reynolds number is directly proportional to the velocity and diameter of the tube. Note that NR is directly proportional to the mean velocity as well as the diameter. A Reynolds number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over 4000, is represented as turbulent flow. Turbulent flow is characterized as chaotic and irregular flow.56DisordersDisregulation disorders of blood pressure control include high blood pressure, blood pressure that is too low, and blood pressure that shows excessive or maladaptive fluctuation. postgraduateMain article HypertensionOverview of main complications of persistent high blood pressure. Arterial hypertension can be an indicator of other problems and may have long-term adverse effects. Sometimes it can be an acute problem, for examplehypertensive emergency.All levels of arterial pressure put mechanical stress on the arterial walls. high pressures increase heart workload and progression of unhealthy tissue growth (atheroma) that develops within the walls of arteries. The higher the pressure, the more stress that is present and the more atheroma tend to progress and the heart muscle tends to thicken, enlarge and become weaker over time.Persistent hypertension is one of the risk factors for strokes, heart attacks,heart failure and arterial aneurysms, and is the leading cause of chronic renal failure. Even moderate elevation of arterial pressure leads to shortened life expectancy. At firmly high pressures, mean arterial pressures 50% or more above average, a person can expect to live no more than a few years unless appropriately treated.60In the past, most attention was paid to diastolic pressure but nowadays it is recognised that both high systolic pressure and high pulse pressure (the numerical difference between systolic and diastolic pressures) are also risk factors. In some cases, it appears that a decrease in excessive diastolic pressure can actual ly increase risk, due probably to the increased difference between systolic and diastolic pressures (see the article on pulse pressure). If systolic blood pressure is elevated (140) with a normal diastolic blood pressure (

Leadership Styles Essay Example for Free

Leadership Styles EssayThe leadhip styles of the unite States electric chairs can make them potent or it can limit their effectiveness. The effectiveness of the president has direct effect on the American people. chairpersons Dwight Eisenhower and backside Kennedy were two leaders that had major influences in the mid-20th century. Both men played a key graphic symbol in the United States involvement in Vietnam. The experiences, styles of leading, and characteristics of both Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy intensified the level of involvement the United States had in the Vietnam experience. Even though the leadership styles may perk up differed, the two leaders refused to let communism spread (Moss, 2010). Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedys leadership style although different had similar qualities.President Eisenhower and Kennedy could be considered to have the leadership styles of both the Director and navigator. Thomas Preston has explained a Director style is a leader with both extensive policy experience and a high need for power (Preston, 2001). Directors have direct involvement in policy process by setting guidelines and advocating for their avouch personal observes. The Navigator also has extensive expertise in policy but they also search for the opinions and viewpoints of other advisors. Navigators forget gather the information and from the multiple different perspectives have a more deliberate decision make style.Without having a Navigator sense of style, the effectiveness of any leader can be limited because of a lack of information gathered and reviewed for decision. President Eisenhower proved his leadership style by the way he was involved in the political unrest in Vietnam. According to Preston, President Eisenhower preferred formal, hierarchically organized informatory structure where information and advice could be centralized into a small inner circle of advisers (Preston, 2001). but because of the Presiden ts expertise in foreign policy he had a very restless personal role in the policy process and delegated very little to other expert advisors. Eisenhowers own preferences in policy lead to the policy decisions. President Eisenhower gave the command to intervene in grey Vietnam and replace the French (Moss, 2010).This was to maintain a non-Communist state thereby halting the potential spread of Communism. President Kennedy was interested in multiple perspectives on policy he listened to different sources on conflicting views and aforethought(ip) for debates prior to decision making (Preston, 2001). Kennedy wanted political rest and peace in Vietnam but knew that without US involvement, the fighting and attacks on Vietnam would increase. Because of this, the United States became more heavily involved which meant more military forces and money be spent. Kennedy had made decisions to violate the provisions of the Geneva agreements of 1954, thereby increasing the U.S. military signifi cantly in Vietnam. Kennedy was non trying to win in Vietnam he was doing only enough not to lose (Moss, 2010). This sense of leadership by Kennedy was devised to protect the U.S. by only having a limited partnership with the Vietnam government. For President Kennedy, as a Director, he kept active involvement in policy process and needed assurance that his own thoughts and ideas would dominate the end result.However, as the Navigator, he deposited his advisory team and kept an open advisory system characterized by a mixed formal-informal advice network (Preston, 2001). With the dual leadership style the President called for the concentrated military involvement in Vietnam in 1965 (Moss, 2010). By having expertise in foreign affairs and victorious the advice of his advisors, President Kennedy made the important decision to become more involved in the war efforts. For the United States, the Presidents leadership is very important. The President is the countries representation. It i s both very prestigious and powerful to be voted in as President of the United States. The President has the ability to keep the United States from war, or drive us to war. The President is in charge of the military, deciding where troops should be stationed and how weapons should be used.That is great power, and without the support of the American people the President and his cabinet wouldnt be as powerful as they are. The American people need to know that the President has their best interest in mind. In conclusion, regardless of who the President is, the need for leadership is of great importance. By having both the Director and Navigator style leadership, the role of the President can be effective. The expertise, the desire to have a powerful role but also having the willingness to view other opinions for decision making is essential to making a great leader. The role the President has to be one that is inspiring to the American people but also the American people need to trus t their leader, without trust there would be weakness.

Critical Analyis of John Locke, Hegel, and and John Stuart Mill Essay Example for Free

Critical Analyis of John Locke, Hegel, and and John Stuart Mill Essay move 1How does Locke prove that human beings have a natural flop to private attribute? Answer (Book II chap V parting 27) Humans have the right to private lieu beca character they are using their consume labor in conjunction to take property from the state of nature and thus fashioning it his own. By mixing his labor or his hands, which is an extent of himself, he is relating that property to him and no one else. When each we pour water into a glass, by using labor and our hands, we have the sole entitlement to the water. interrogation 2How does human nature limit this right to property? Answer (Book II chap V section 31-32) Man has the right to use as much property as possible just as long as he finds away that is supports his life. Once he no longer finds ways to use his property for life, he has to give it up. To add to the limitations of property, Man can use as much property unless it is wasted and not good for the use of others.By wasting property, that persons is violating other peoples rights because human nature states that everyone has the an enough Question 3How does Hegels abstract right define the relation between freedom, reason, and property? Answer Question 4How does Hegel prove that the abstract right to property necessarily involves relation to other persons? Answer Question 5Using your answer to the proceeding questions, identify exactly what distinguishes Lockes position on freedom and property from the way Hegels describe of abstract right understands the same issue?Answer Question 6How does Hegels account of abstract right prove that right embodied in property necessarily violates the same right in other persons? Answer Question 7Using your answer to 6, explain why Locke is in no position to draw the same conclusion. Answer Question 8State in your own words Mills utility principle. Identify precisely how this principle introduces a tension between nonparas itic individuality and communal solidarity. Explain how this same tension appears in Locke and in Hegels abstract right. Answer

Leadership and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbrick’s In the Heart of the Sea Essay Example for Free

Leader send out(p) and Supervision Issues in Nathaniel Philbricks In the Heart of the Sea EssayNathaniel Philbricks In the Heart of the Sea describes the tragical final voyage of the Nantucket-based whaler Essex in 1820. The Essex was a floating factory, a comparatively sm solely al ace sturdy vessel designed to travel great distances to find, kill, and process whales, thus yielding the extremely precious whale petroleum and other products. In the Heart of the Sea also describes a series of errors, mishaps and miscalculations oftentimes with fatal resultsin the management, leadinghip and supervision of the enterprise. These events, despite the distance in time, provide scenarios to compare and air present-day c formerlypts of leadership and supervision. The story of the Essex illustrates numerous instances of (a) myopic planning before and during the journey, (b) poor staffing decisions before and during the journey, (c) suspensive and/or poor leadership and (d) poor su pervision which contri just nowed to the difficult journey, the sinking of the Essex and the horrible aftermath. Typical of the practices of the term and locale, Essex was mastered, but not owned and provisioned, by a sailor-officer who had risen through the ranks.This would be the prototypal operate voyage of Captain George crop, Jr. By all accounts he had successfully risen to First associate of the Essex on previous voyages and was tending(p) captaincy when the former captain was given a newer and larger vessel. alas he inherited a worn ship soon to be out of commission. Accordingly the owners worn-out(a) as little as possible on repairs of the vessel and even less on purvey for the multi-year cruise. There is no indication Pollard had either input in both decision.As this was his first command he was likely to remain in his employers good graces and refrain from insisting on give repairs and outfitting. To further compound these initial as well as future problems wa s the wage payment social structure in which Pollard and the crew were essentially working on commission. Payment to officers and seamen alike would be a portion based on rank and seniority paid only if the valuable whale oil was safely in port. Other experienced captains had the ability and option to add to the original provisions.Pollard either decided to even off sail despite the meager provisions or was unable to supplement them by his own means. This system strongly contrasts to management practices of the day as well as contemporaneous practices. Owner-operated businesses were not at all uncommon in the era with a strong hands-on style of leadership. around striking would be the owner-operated vessels with a captain well-versed on ship maintenance and outfitting. Obviously today anyone would be considered naive at best and insane at worst to take on such a logistical task of any sort without having been given decision-making authority.Today even with companies having dis tant or publically held ownership the leadership and decision-makers of the company are urged to buy into the company in the smell out of making decisions and steer in a carriage consistent with actual ownership. If Pollard underside be excused to many extent for the poor decision-making at home port, the disastrous lack of planning during his maiden voyage is his buck alone. After almost loosing his ship virtually at the onset of the voyage he is either unable or incapable of tactical or strategic planning when the Essex is destroyed.With a previously damaged vessel prudence would dictate some sort of disaster plan short of a belief that whitening will not strike the same place twice. While the Essex was sinking it was the foresight of others who managed to salvage essential items. Some decisions defied common sense. Instead of cooking and preparing a substantial amount of available turtle magnetic core he but placed two live turtles with each surviving whaleboat. Perhaps Pollard did not think the unthinkable could happen again. Such planning and preparedness is not something novel, for his era or ours.It is simply the ability to survive the unexpected and the wisdom to learn from it. Contemporary leadership in management, government, and virtually any other field must be prepared for the unexpected. The unexpected and the disastrous will certainly occur, unremarkably when least expected. It because also becomes a learning experience for leadership to plan and think for the casual and unthinkable. Consistent with the idea of poor or non-existent planning was the Nantucket concept of staffing vessels with the unskilled.Pollards ship was manned by a significant number of sailors who had never lived in Nantucket nor experienced life on a whaler. Other sailors included inexperienced Nantucket youngsters anxious for their first cruise as well as officers sailing in newly-promoted ranks. It was expected of Pollard and his officers to essentially conduct on-the-job teaching for the unskilled staff. However, once again, if Pollard can be excused for having to deal with something out of his control, the staffing decisions made during the disaster were his alone.Most glare was the decision regarding the placement of the survivors in what would become their lifeboats. No consideration was given to skill, ability or health. Instead, it was a system based on whether a sailor was black or white, Nantucketer or not. Apprenticeships and on-the-job training are time-honored practices dating back centuries and still valid today. Both systems are based on both a lengthy or at least sufficient period of time and a non- searing or at least supervised business office. The apprentice or OJT worker will make mistakes and is given the opportunity to make them and learn from them in a controlled situation.Once skilled, the staffing pattern must be create to maintain whatever production or quality standard is to be met. In an emergency situation s uch decisions must be made by leadership without being distracted by work-shy issues of race, class, or place of birth. Again, Pollard can be shielded to some extent by the usage and practices of his day. Contemporary leaders have no such excuse. Decision-making is often made in the lonely vacuity of sole command, something that Pollard, at times, was unable or willing to do. Leadership by consensus was not something he learned, but he did indeed practice.Additionally, indecision is in fact a decision, and one that eats time. After the initial near-fatal keeling of his ship Pollard commits both errors he abdicates sole leadership, procrastinates, reverses himself, and by trying to lead by consensus in conclusion leads his ship to disaster. Again, forces work against Pollard. To turn back with a damaged empty ship would result in no wages and possibly a loss of command. By deciding to continue the voyage with a damaged ship, garbled provisions, and deep in thought(p) whaleboats Pollard was not talking a calculated risk, he was essentially dooming his ship and crew to disaster.Modern management case studies abound with the disastrous stories of managers failing to decide and having that body process yield worse results than a bad decision. Most missions are time-critical and while many, if not most missions can have a built-in method of correcting erroneous decisions in that respect is no method for reversing time lost in indecision. The texts are equally full of the horror stories of leaders who take the ahead at all costs attitude without a realistic appraisal of whether their ship can handle the journey.This inevitably results in the learned experience that profitability at all costs is actually unprofitable. After the sinking of the Essex a variety of decisions were made, some based on common sense, or lack of same, and others based on the maritime knowledge of the time. Perhaps the most glaring was the decision to allow the surviving whaleboats to operate in an person fashion, without tying together during the night. While a questionable seafaring decision, it casts some light on broader contemporary issues.During critical situations, whether a production run or a full-scale emergency it is common sense and a practical necessity to maintain communication and command. Failure to maintain either can embark the personnel and the mission. In the Heart of the Sea is filled with numerous examples of poor supervision. From the very onset thither is no indication Pollard really supervised the repair and provisioning of his vessel it all likelihood he delegated a great deal of this responsibility to his First and Second Mate. There is no indication he did a thorough, hands-on investigation of his damaged vessel after the initial near-sinking.Once whaling he was out in a whaleboat, as was the custom, instead of being in a position on knock down to supervise all of the events that would unfold. There is no indication he personally un dertook a surveillance of Henderson Island to circumscribe if it could sustain the crew, or in the alternative, if it could relegate provision the survivors on their continued voyage. During many of the catastrophic events Pollard seemed overwhelmed and incapacitated by the situation. He was unable to command and supervise what can only be exposit as life-threatening or life-saving activity unfolding in front of him.Once all was lost he decided to allow the boats to go their own way, and was unable to maintain the supervision of survivors when that was his most critical duty. Throughout the disastrous journey the questionable command of Pollard is and will be debated. What is certain is there was considerable surmise at the time that he exercised the decision-making responsibilities in a prudent manner. The captain of a ship and the leader of a corporation must be able to face a situation, whether unremarkable or critical, and make very quick and decisive actions.First and for emost is the decision of whether to take a hands on approach or delegate responsibility. There is no easy or set answer, and either method can be disastrous, if a leader usurps a subordinates better command of a situation or if responsibility is delegated to someone incapable of handling the situation. However, the command of a ship is unique and very similar to many governmental situations in that the leader at the very top is expected to be well-versed and capable of either function in the entire organization.If that is not the case, then the leader must have a clear understanding of his personal abilities and limitations as well as that of all of the subordinates in the chain of command. Throughout the narratives and accounts which the book is comprised of there is mention of, and no doubt that the captain knew his ship better than anyone. However, it became very obvious at the onset that his knowledge of his and his officers capabilities was suspect. At only one point was Poll ard described as acting with the authority and decisiveness normally required of a ships captain.He quickly and ferociously responded to an early protest by the crew relating to what they considered poor rations. His outburst and threatened action quelled the protest and certainly left the crew with no doubt of his intent. However, what is missing is the not-unusual comments and attitude from crewmen indicating complete respect of their captain and their willingness to follow his commands, regardless of outcome, because of their knowledge of him and his ability.It is imperative upon leaders to not just know their workplace, but to know their staff. It is not enough to go ballistic once in a while to let the staff know what will happen if something is discovered amiss or in response to what behavior is not to be tolerated. Command through intimidation is wise what is necessary of leadership is to prove competency to staff and subordinates to the point where there is no doubt there is respect in the leaders ability.At that point leadership becomes natural if and when the staff and subordinates believe the leadership will in fact lead, but do so in a manner that takes into account the well-being, if not survival, of all. In modern society survival is often economic survival, and depending on the organization or industry economic survival must be paramount in managements priorities. Pollard lost on both counts the voyage was a complete economic disaster and resulted in the deaths of the majority of his crew. The journey was a voyage of poor planning, staffing, decision-making and supervision.It is an epic of missed opportunities and unrealistic goals. It is a designing for any manager or leader in what not to do. Leadership cannot afford to be unready in any of the areas noted above. Each interact and influence the other, often in ways unforeseen and noted only too late. It is easy, but very necessary to look at situations with twenty-twenty hindsight if les sons are to be learned and errors prevented in the future. There is a host of what-if questions presented by In the Heart of the Sea which every leader should take to heart.

Walden Two by B.F. Skinner Essay Example for Free

Walden Two by B.F. skinner EssayB. F Skinner published Walden Two in 1948. The novel takes place in the United States shortly after the give notice of World War II. Rodge Rogers, whose first name is not given and Steve Jamnik became fri stop overs while serving in the armed forces during the war. After the war, they find that it is difficult to return to a normal life, Jamnik and I are comparable a lot of other young people right now. We cant make up our minds. We dont know what we regard to do (Skinner, 1948, p. 7). In an attempt to find the life they want to lead they visit Professor Burris, angiotensin-converting enzyme of Rodges former professors, to discuss his ideas about utopia.Ironic all in ally Burris barely remembers mentioning the subject tho finally recalls a workfellow student he knew in graduate school named Frazier who had designed a utopian corporation named Walden Two. Burris contacts Frazier and arranges the terzetto of them, as well as Castle, a coll eague of Burris, Barbara Macklin, Rogers girlfriend, and Mary Grove, Jamniks girlfriend, to visit Walden Two (Skinner, 1948, pp. 7-15). When they arrive, Frazier shows them around the community and explains how it operates. They meet some of its approximate 1,000 inhabitants. The people appear to be happy.They live in communal quarters, address meals at communal dining halls and share the facilities of the community. Each of the adults works about four hours each twenty-four hours to provide for the needs of the community. They are not paid a salary because money is not use within Walden Two. The people in roles of leadership carefully monitor life in the community. If there is license suggesting a change should be made for the communitys good, it is made and its consequences carefully evaluated (Skinner, 1948). During their three-day visit, Burris and the others experience the community lifestyle.At the end of their visit, Steve Jamnik and Mary Grove love life at Walden Two so m uch the decide to stay. Rodge overly likes the life there and wants to stay, but his girlfriend Barbara refuses to say so they both return to society. Castle likes zip about Walden Two and returns to his regular lifestyle as a college professor. Professor Burris finds himself intrigued with life in the commune, but decides to return to his academic life. However, once he is at the station, he changes his mind and returns to Walden Two to live and gives up his life as a professor.I found this book disturbing, regular threatening. As I instruct through the book, I found myself thinking of Orwells 1984 and Aldous Huxleys Brave New World. I felt like this even though 1984 wasnt published until the same year as Walden Two so it couldnt have influenced Skinners writing, and Skinner explicitly denies this with a vague reference to Huxleys work, I suppose you put phonographs in your dormitories which repeat I like to work in sewers. Sewers are lots of fun, say Castle. No, Walden Two is nt that kind of brave new world, said Frazier.We dont propagandize (Skinner, 1948, p. 53). Although Walden Two was an insolated community, there is a latent undertone of expansion and trying to convert society as a whole to the Walden Two model. Castle argues with Frazier, Ill bet you have designs on the political machinery alike . . . youll want to get the offices yourself, . . .. Yes, Frazier responds I must admit youre right. . . . As soon as were in the mass in any locality, we shall exercise our rights under a democratic form of government and take control (Skinner, 1948, p. 231).As disturbing as the thought of communities such as Walden Two taking over the government is, this isnt truly what disturbs me. Throughout the three-day visit, whenever anyone challenges Frazier about a point or questions something about the life in Walden Two, he unendingly has what feels like a dispassionate, rehearsed response. Frazier is reminiscent of a used car salesmen who can deflect any censure of the car he is trying to sell. He always has an answer at the ready that he delivers with a confidence and authority that appear to brush away the visitors objections as if they are unfounded and insignificant.It feels as if he is running a con game and the six visitors are the marks. According to Frazier Walden Two provides an ideal, satisfying lifestyle. It appears that all of the needs of Walden Twos inhabitants are provided with everything they need, they work only four hours per day, have recreation, and appear to have a gravid deal more freedom than people enjoy in the United States today. Despite this assurance, I would not want to live there. What Frazier has done has removed the individual person from consideration.There is a paternalistic lineament that implies the managers of Walden Two know best and the inhabitants should just agree and enjoy the life there. In effect, Frazier/Skinner has reduce people to their basic responses to both internal and external s timuli. Of course this is precisely what Skinner, as a behaviorist, wants to do. For my authority I prefer to think of myself as an adult person with a free will who takes an lively part in living his own life. I would rather believe this, even if it is incorrect, than to submit to Skinners ism even if his theories were correct.ReferencesSkinner, B. F. (1948). Walden Two. New York Macmillan.

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration Essay Example for Free

A report of the captivity and Restoration EssayA Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. bloody shame Rowlandson, written by bloody shame Rowlandson, is about King Philips War. The war started on June 20 in 1675 and was between English colonists and autochthonal Americans. During the war, the Indians attacked English colonists territory. They burned the colonists houses, killed the resisters and captured some of the colonists. The living of captives was really tough. They had to move from place to place with the Indians. The Indians treated them very badly. If they didnt listen to the Indians, they would be beaten or even be killed. Besides, the weather was cold and sometimes the food supply was short. As a result, lots of captives died during the captivity. As a victim of the Indian attacks, Mary Rowlandson wrote a vivid description of the eleven weeks and five days she spent living with Native Americans which owns very high value in American Literature.First of all, the work owns high historical value in American Literature. In her description, she vividly shows her experience as a captive which makes people easily actualise the situation at this period and the relationship between English colonist and the Indians. In her description, we can dress that all the English captives didnt be ruled by the same Indian master. There were distinguishable Indian masters. Each Indian master owned English captives and located in different places. match to the masters, the captives could be transferred from one tribe to another. Also, in the description, sometimes Mary Rowlandson communicated with the Indians.From this point, we can find that some of the Indians could communicate English. Besides, in the work, we can similarly know how English colonists deal with Native Americans. They trade by money, clothes, tobacco, liquors, disgorge corn hemlock, ground ivy and etc. This point shows that the living of the Indians was tough then. They lacked food and some insouciant necessaries, so it was effective to trade with them by something they really needed in their lives instead of money.Secondly, this work also shows the high value of Christian point of view. As a Christian, Mary Rowlandson uses lots of quotes and passages from the rule book in the description. No matter how hard the captivity was, she alwaysshowed her piety to divinity fudge. Instead of blaming the Indians, she used the stories in the Bible to console her sorrow and suffering. The Bible was the center of her life during the captivity. Even though her experience was so painful, she thanked God for everything. In the work, she strongly showed the positive side of Christianity which make readers offer high value to the Christians. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson is one of the important works in American Literature. It offers readers high value of history and Christian point of view. By reading the story of Mary Rowlandson, we can clearly go through this period of American history. and also realize the virtue of Christianity.

Ethical Policies Essay Example for Free

Ethical Policies EssayThe scratch line one I have chosen is technically referred to as Bribery or 18 USC 201-Type Violations is a law implemented to any individual who puts forward, pledges, or gives anything to a public official to pressure, manipulate, or persuade any official act (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). It is a law which prohibits any public official to insist, ask for, or accept anything in exchange of performing an official act (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ).The second is technically known as Conflict of Interest or 18 USC 208-Type Violations, which prohibits any person working for the executive branch of the coupled States Government or any independent agency of the United States to play a part in the endorsement, authorization, censure, rendering of advice, arrest, contract, wherein he or she has a financial bet in (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). Last but non least is technically referred to as Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U. S. C. 1349, which disallows the use of government-owned vehicles in unofficial air, meaning, transactions/travels/etcetera which are not authorized by the government (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). Examples An example of Bribery or 18 USC 201-Type Violations is this A man who wanted to his visa to another country be approved as soon as possible and so he offered money and jewelries to the officer in charge of the favorable reception and issuance of visa and because the officer in charge accepted it, he was aerated with bribery (Department of Defense, 2006, n.p. ). On the other hand, an example of Conflict of Interest or 18 USC 208-Type Violations is this A caterer, who is the wife of the whitethornors secretary, has been allowed to cater for the dinner meeting at the mayors office the secretary ought to be charged here because he used the office the mayor to enter into contract with his wife, which apparently shows conflict of interest (Department of Defense, 2006, n.p . ). Finally, an example for the Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U. S. C. 1349 is this A regional director uses the government vehicle take down after office hours to go to the casino, meet with realtors, or attend Rotary Club meetings (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). Possible Fines/punishment for the ViolationMeanwhile, if an individual is proven chargeable with the first violation that I have chosen first, which is technically referred to as Bribery or 18 USC 201-Type Violations, the person may be obliged to pay a fine or he or she may be sent to prison for two (2) days or less, or he or she could be made to pay for the fine and at the equal time may excessively be sent to prison (Cornell University Law School, n. d. , n. p. ).Similarly, if an individual is proven guilty with the second violation that I have discussed briefly, which is technically known as Conflict of Interest or 18 USC 208-Type Violations, the person may be obliged to pay a fine or he or s he may be sent to prison for one (1) year or less, or he or she could be made to pay for the fine and at the same time may also be sent to prison (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). With the last violation discussed, Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U.S. C. 1349, if an individual is proven guilty of it, he or she is given one (1) month suspension or more depending on how bad ones case is (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). A person proven guilty of the aforementioned may also be removed from office (Department of Defense, 2006, n. p. ). One Ethical Policy that I would Like to substitute If given the opportunity I would like to make some changes with regards to the policy on the Misuse of Government-Owned Vehicles or 31 U. S. C. 1349.Since money is scarce nowadays, everyone should be obliged to save including those in the government and one room to save is not to use government vehicles in unofficial businesses. The punishment should not be only suspension or bein g fired from work, guilty individuals should also be sent to prison so that they will serve as examples because if the punishment is as light or easy as getting fired or suspended then most employees will not really be prevented to break this law.ReferencesCornell University Law School. (n. d. ). 201. Bribery of Public Officials and Witnesses.Retrieved July 22, 2008 from http//www4. law. cornell. edu/uscode/uscode18/usc_sec_18_00000201-000-. html Department of Interior (2006). Department Manual. Retrieved July 22, 2008 from http//elips. doi. gov/elips/release/3712. htm Department of Defense. (2006). encyclopedia of Ethical Failure.Retrieved July 22, 2008 from http//209. 85. 175. 104/search? q=cacheREUtRKuChKEJwww. dod. mil/dodgc/defense_ethics/dod_oge/Encyclopedia_of_Ethical_Failures_2006_Full_Version. doc+Encyclopedia+of+Ethical+Failure. hl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=phclient=firefox-a