Business and Accounting Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business and Accounting Ethics - Essay Example The main purpose of business ethics is to maintain a code of conduct which reinforces consumer confidence in the business. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has put down ethical guidelines for accounting. The AICPA's first principle of professional conduct states: "In carrying out their responsibilities as professionals, members should exercise sensitive professional and moral judgments in all their activities." The Golden Rule is this that one should live their life with integrity and bearing a sound moral character. Success cannot be measured by the acquisition of money only. A 1987 survey of corporate executives administered by Touche Ross revealed that two thirds believed that high ethical standards improve a firm's competitive position but felt that "increased concentration on short-term earnings" and "decay in cultural and social institutions" are major threats to business ethics. [1] Ethics must be the cornerstone of every business. This applies to my real estate and loan brokerage businesses aptly. The article stresses on transparency and pursuing good moral values in order to earn long term benefits. Ethics is also essential in building trust and confidence in the public for your business. Real Estate businesses have to do with direct interaction with the customers. Ethics is especially relevant here.

Environmental Hazards Essay Example for Free

Environmental Hazards Essay If someone was to ask you, â€Å"What is an open dump? † What would you say? Would you know what to tell them? An open dump is abandoned piles of household garbage, bags of yard waste, appliances, old barrels, used tires, and demolition debris can threaten the health of wildlife, the environment, and humans. They can cause such health, environmental, and safety issues as fires or explosions, the inhalation of toxic gases, injuries to children playing in or around the dumpsites (I have personal experience of cutting my foot on broken glass as a child playing in an open dump), diseases carried by flies, rodents and mosquitos, and other hazards. Open Dumps, 1996 – 2011). Early Landfill Believe it or not, landfills go way back in history. Of course, back then they were called â€Å"garbage dumps. † For instance, early American settlers used to deal with their garbage by dumping it over the back fence, burying it in their back yards, or dumping it in rivers. They also would burn their garbage. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). We can go even further back in history with this subject. Case in point: Did you know the cause of the bubonic plague (14th century) was too much garbage in the streets? Allow me to explain. The bubonic plague, also called, the â€Å"black death,† spread through Africa, Asia, nd Europe, killing 75 million people. What these people did not know at the time was they had too much garbage in their streets. There was so much it was in piles. These piles of garbage in turn attracted rats. The rats had fleas. The fleas carried the disease. With rats carrying the disease from place to place, the lack of sanitation made it the worst epidemic in human history. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). Many of the early landfills were made in wetlands. These wetlands were thought to be wasteland at that time. These landfills leaked into lakes and rivers and built up gases, such as methane. As garbage rots, it gives off a flammable gas, called methane. Because of this many garbage dumps would catch fire or explode! The first garbage burning plant was built in 1885 in New York on Governor’s Island. It was called an â€Å"incinerator. † There were 300 incinerators burning garbage in the U. S. by 1914. (Amsel, 2005 – 2013). Leachate – The most serious problem with landfills is groundwater contamination. As water percolates through the ground (like water does in a coffeemaker), chemicals can be released in the ground and get carried along in a process called leaching. The resulting water with the various pollutants is called leachate. As the water percolates through Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), a noxious leachate is generated that consists of residues various decomposing organic matter mixed with various metals from rusting items in the landfills. This can funnel directly into the groundwater without correct precautionary measures. (Wright, 2011). Methane – Municipal Solid Waste is about 2/3 organic material. Because of this, it is subject to natural decomposition. Buried wastes are anaerobic, meaning they decompose without oxygen. A major by-product of this process produces a combination of about 2/3 methane and 1/3 hydrogen and carbon dioxide, called biogas. This is a highly flammable mixture. This has caused homes to explode at up to 1000 feet away and has caused some deaths. Also, gases seeping up to the surface have killed vegetation by poisoning their roots. (Wright, 2011). Incomplete Decomposition – Commonly used plastics resist natural decomposition because of their molecular structure. Microbes are unable to digest them because they are polymers of petroleum-based compounds. There have been biodegradable plastic polymers developed from other sources, such as cornstarch, lactic acid, cellulose, and soybean protein, as well as petroleum. Wright, 2011). Settling – Finally, as waste compacts and decomposes, it settles. This problem was recognized from the beginning and there have been no buildings built on landfills. Settling creates shallow depressions that collect and hold water. These can also be deep holes. This can be addressed by continuous monitoring and filling to restore it to a level surface. (Wright, 2011). Modern Landfill Modern landfills are designed to address the previous mentioned issues. The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) has upgraded requirements for landfill siting. New landfills are to be sited well above the water table on high ground. The floor is contoured so water drains into a tile leachate collection system. The sides and floor are covered with a plastic liner and at least two feet of compacted soil. This allows any percolating leachate to drain into the leachate collection system and be treated as necessary. Layers of refuse are positioned so the fill is built up in the shape of a pyramid. It is then with at least 18 inches of earthen material and then seeded. This cap and the pyramid shape help the landfill in shedding water. The entire landfill site is surrounded by groundwater monitoring wells and periodically checked. This checking must go on indefinitely. (Wright, 2011). Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa I chose the Mariannhill Landfill, South Africa for innovative practices in making it more productive and reducing its environmental impact. In reading the description of this landfill, it seemed more like a recreation area and less like a landfill. I could tell a lot of thought and planning went into this. This landfill contains several â€Å"cells† to hold waste. Soil from the landfill area is removed and put in storage. The resulting hole is the cell. Once the cell is full the soil is replaced. Vegetation is also removed and placed in a large holding nursery on the site. This is called Plant Rescue Unit or PRUNIT. There is a barrier system in each cell to prevent harmful waste by-products from seeping into the environment. Leachate is treated on site. This is done by a biological primary treatment with sludge followed by a â€Å"polishing treatment† by a reed bed. The Mariannhill site treats landfill water to reduce leachate until the water is reusable. Mariannhill has also set up a landfill gas extraction scheme. It has been operational for four years as of 2008. It also has a bird hide and conservation area with nature trails that link up with existing green space in the metro. (Mariannhill Landfill Conservancy, 2008). This has been a truly eye-opening assignment. Little did I realize as a child that some of the areas I was playing in were so dangerous. I’m not sure if my parents knew, but they always told me to stay away from places like that. I am so thankful these places (older landfills and â€Å"dumps†) are practically figments of the imagination now. We need to take better care of our planet! Let’s all chip in!

Gender: Feminism and Masculinity Essay -- essays research papers fc

In a recent meta-analysis by Kite and Whitley in 1996, it was confirmed that men hold more negative attitudes toward homosexuality than do women. They also determined that men's attitudes toward homosexuality are particularly negative when the person being rated is a gay man rather than a lesbian. Their review of the literature also highlighted the complex nature of attitudes toward homosexuality noted by others. In order to understand the constructive attitudes of homosexuality, there are several factors that include beliefs that gay people are threatening or dangerous, etc. I reviewed Millham, San Miguel, & Kellogg, 1976; Plasek & Allard, 1984. These complexities, and how they influence sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuality, remain largely unexplored. The present research examines two issues: (1) whether sex differences in attitudes toward homosexuality vary by attitude component and (2) whether, within each component, the sex of the person being rated influences these attitudes. Kite and Whitley's (1996) have reviewed data that heterosexuals' evaluations of gay men and lesbians are influenced by a generalized gender belief system. According to this model, we as humans have already have characterized gender reflect the belief that gender-associated attributes are bipolar: What is masculine is not feminine and vice versa. We also tend to possess stereotypically masculine physical characteristics and to adopt stereotypically masculine roles. Similarly, the knowledge that a person is stereotypically feminine on one dimension leads to the inference that the person is stereotypically feminine on other dimensions I think that as a society, our beliefs about homosexuality are influenced by a gender belief system. Men are in stereotypically feminine terms are more likely to be judged homosexual than are men described in stereotypically masculine terms. At a lesser note, women are described too as sterotypes in masculine terms and are judged lesbian than women describ ed in stereotypically feminine terms In some gender-based judgments of gay people reflect the belief that male homosexuals are similar to female heterosexuals and that female homosexuals are similar to male heterosexuals (e.g., Kite & Deaux, 1987; Storms, Stivers, Lambers, & Hill, 1981). As Kite (1994) has argued, separating gender-role beliefs from attitudes toward homose... ...not want their tough side invaded they way I see it. This was a tought subject to write about, but I felt that the issue of gender with being Gay and Lesbian needed to be written. Works Cited Batson & Burris, 1994; Herek, 1988 Esses, Haddock, & Zanna, 1993   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.cpa.ca/cjbsnew/1996/ful_esses.html Herek, 1986b   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://en.web-blaster.org/www.lds-mormon.com/hldsss.shtml Kite & Deaux, 1987; Storms, Stivers, Lambers, & Hill, 1981   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/lablouin/psych200/project_fall01/stereotyping.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.womenandsociety.buffalo.edu/bibliog/articles/bib/sj-sz.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Louderback & Whitley, 1997   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?docid=1G1:112247853&refid=ink_puballmags&skeyword=&teaser= Kite and Whitley   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  psychology.ucdavis.edu/Rainbow/ html/poq_2002.pdf Millham, San Miguel, & Kellogg, 1976; Plasek & Allard, 1984   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.lesbianinformationservice.org/attrl.htm Whitley, 1987

Animal Farm: Comparison of the Animal Characters with Their Human Counterparts

Animal Farm: Comparison of Animal Characters with Human characters Animal Farm by George Orwell is a political story concerning the concept of Leninist Marxism, written from an animal’s perspective. It is a story of dreams; dreams of freedom and equality that are dashed into pieces by greed and avarice for power and comfort. Basically, Orwell has incorporated his own political views in this book regarding Marxism and simultaneously he has spotlighted the major flaws in Marxist philosophy which he illustrates throughout the story. I first want to emphasize that the events in Animal Farm are comparable to the Russian Revolution of 1917. The book illustrates the ideals of the revolution and how the masses were maltreated by corrupt leaders and the false promises of a Utopian socialistic society. This goal of equality was what the animals sought, and despite their sacrifices and hard work, their leaders betrayed them. Animal Farm is essentially a harsh criticism of totalitarianism. Orwell is portraying the noble goals of Marxism which were corrupted by a dictator’s avarice for power. As he notes in his study, â€Å"The book is not only a parody of Stalin’s Russia but also intends to show that Russia was not a true democratic Socialist country. †(1) Despite the apparent criticism, Orwell shares the viewpoints of Marxism as far as worldwide revolution was concerned. However, in the book, a utopian future seemed highly unlikely from the start. The idea of Animalism was a theory created by Old Major in his dream. Old Major was a highly respected and venerable boar. He managed to assemble the farm animals where he told all of them his dream of a revolution. As Major said, â€Å"our lives are miserable, laborious and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies and for those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength; and the very instant our usefulness has come to an end, we are slaughtered with hideous cruelty. †(pg 7) This is particularly typical of what the Russian people faced during the Czarist days of Russia. The Bourgeoisie, or the rich, had full control over the Proletariats, who were the poor workers. The workers were treated poorly and they lived in utter poverty and misery. They were exploited and mistreated by the rich and lived a harsh life where even basic sustenance was impossible to find. It was through their labor that the Czar and the rich existed. Karl Marx noticed this problem and he wrote The Communist Manifesto, where he suggested that the workers of the world should unite and overthrow the tyrannical capitalist countries. Marx wanted the proletariat class to start a revolution and change the social structure and distribute the wealth among the masses. Old Major represented Karl Marx. They both were visionaries who called upon the tormented masses to rise up against their bourgeoisie masters, in Animal Farm’s case, Man. Yet, unfortunately both Marx and Major would never see their revolution commence. Old Major dies in three days after speaking to the animals and Marx died before the Russian Revolution began. There were only two capable leaders left on the farm who could start the revolution. Snowball was a young, intelligent and a vivacious pig with a brilliant talent for speaking. Whenever he spoke, he placed an incredible amount of emotion into his voice that pulled the animals toward him. Snowball’s objective was to carry out the last wishes of Old Major and to make life better for the animals. Snowball could be compared to Leon Trotsky who was a devout follower of Marxism and he wanted to improve the lives of the Russian people. Both Snowball and Trotsky were thrown out of power by their supposed comrades. Napoleon, a Berkshire boar, did not possess the skill and acumen of Snowball. However, Napoleon made up for this weak point by being ruthless, cruel, devious, and corrupt. His ambition was to have full control and power over Animal farm. If anyone stopped him, he would destroy the opponent. Napoleon used his dogs to intimidate the other animals and to kill any animal that opposed him. He also used Squealer, a garrulous pig who could convince any animal with doubts about the greatness of Napoleon and that it was Napoleon who thought up the revolution. Basically, Squealor was a propaganda spokesman. Old Major, before his death, had spoken out a list of seven commandments that all animals had to follow. The commandments were concerned with animal-human relations. Squealor changed and manipulated the seven commandments to suit Napoleon and the pigs. You may have noticed by now that the character names all have a symbolic meaning to them. The name Napolean refers to the legendary emperor of France. He was ruthless and he killed anyone who opposed him. Squealor, by his contemptuous actions, implied that he was a spy and he informed Napoleon about any activity against him. Napoleon could be compared to Josef Stalin, the madman of Russia. He was not as educated or convincing as Trotsky. Yet Stalin was a brutal man who craved power. He killed millions of people and used the KGB (indoctrinated dogs) to punish dissenters. Napoleon also used Moses, the tame raven, to control the animals. Moses represented the Church where he constantly babbled about Sugar Land Mountain. This heavenly abode is where all animals go when they died and they forever lived in peace and tranquility with good food and lots of rest. The animals believed in Moses because their lives were already full of misery. Surely there had to be a better place where the animals could go and be content. Moses was a tool for Napoleon. He said all this jargon in order to make the tired animals work hard and not complain and Moses was paid with bread soaked in beer. On the topic of religion, Marx considered it the, â€Å"Opiate of the people. † (2) Orwell however said that people will always turn to religion for answers and places where they could go for an easier existence. In addition, Orwell refused to approve of a society where leaders like Napoleon or Stalin distorted the true meaning of Socialism and instilled fear and tyranny over their own people. As Orwell said, â€Å"To accept Orthodoxy, is always to inherit unresolved contradictions. †(3) This makes sense because the animals had jumped out of the frying pan (Mr. Jones’ reign) and into the fire (Napoleon’s dictatorship). Either way you see the result, it is the same. The animals continued to suffer. What did Animalism accomplish? What were the goals, what were the dreams and what were the results? The basic idea was to share power and to stop the tyrant Mr. Jones (who represented the Czar). The goals of the newly established government was to declare all animals equal, that they would get more food, more sleep, respect, rules to protect animals from oppression, and technology-in the form of windmill to make life better for all. The animals owned the farm. Everything was to be equally shared. Humans were the enemy and no animals should deal with Man and no one could act like Man. As Major said, â€Å".. in fighting Man, we must not come to resemble him. Even when you have conquered him, do not adopt his vices. †(pg 12) The seven commandments were made for the protection of the animals and their rights. Leaders and workers will work together and education is available to all. These were the hopes and dreams of all animals so that they may be free from the bonds of slavery and live in happiness and equality. However, when Napoleon claimed power, the entire basis of the revolution crumbled into dust. The goals of the government were stripped to suit the Pigs. As the rule said, â€Å"some animals are more equal than others. † Rather than motivating animals to work, they are forced to work otherwise they would not receive their ration of food. The Seven commandments were changed to Pig Laws. Pigs became more powerful and thus they controlled every aspect of the farm. What I note, and Orwell also notes, is that how could the proletariats trust the self-proclaimed leaders and their intentions? As Orwell wrote, â€Å"The main weakness of Marxism is the failure of human motives†(4) and â€Å"It is impossible to have an intuitive understanding of men’s motives and therefore impossible to predict their actions. †(5) It’s difficult to fathom why the animals didn’t recognize the pig’s treachery and why they didn’t rebel. Maybe the fierce dogs were too intimidating or maybe the animals were just content with their nationalistic pride of their farm. An example of their pride can be seen when the animals march past their flag and the disinterred skull of Old Major. They have a feeling of joy and contentment because their farm is run by the animals and not humans. However as Orwell writes, â€Å"the proletariat is too easily swayed by its leaders as well as its guiding ideologies. †(6) For example in Animal Farm, the animals fail to realize that all their rights and the seven commandments are being stripped and changed before their very eyes. The knowledge that all the animals are illiterate is very useful to Napoleon and he freely changes all the laws according to his tastes without worry. Yet the animals should have said something when the â€Å"Beasts of England,† the revolutionary song taught by Old Major, is changed to â€Å"Animal Farm. † Take Boxer the horse for example. He was a devout follower of Napoleon and he gave his life for his brethren. He sacrificed himself day and night in the construction of the windmill so that the dreams of heat and electricity would come true and that all the animals could reap the benefits. Boxer always said, â€Å"Napoleon is always right. † It is all Boxer can do whenever he had doubts. Had Boxer materialized his doubts into action, Napoleon would never have succeeded in gaining total power. That’s why I believe Boxer is attacked by the three dogs after he develops doubts about Snowball being a traitor. Luckily he is strong enough to stop the dogs. Boxer represented a communist or Animalist supporter. He was a dedicated and hard worker but the crafty Squealer and Napoleon used him where Boxer was eventually betrayed by the leaders he so willingly followed and helped. Orwell understood the significance of Marxism and shared many of its beliefs but Animalism was not an extreme political goal. The basic concept was equality, sharing, and working together for the betterment of all. Yet the system was so badly twisted by the leaders that the animals were in limbo. The animals became oppressed slaves to the pigs who became no different than the human masters. They were even crueler to the animals than Jones and the Revolution became a cruel joke. What changes had occurred? Absolutely nothing except that instead of humans ruling over animals, animals came to rule over animals. The final line in the book summarizes it all, â€Å"The creatures outside looked from pig to man and man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which. †(pg 155)

Malcolm X: Misunderstood

In the year of 1960s, the civil right movement was at its peak. At this time, blacks were mistreated and discriminated against and because of that, the Negroes were searching for a leader who can change the status of blacks. What is a leader? A leader is, according to a dictionary, a guiding or directing head, as of an army, movement, or political group. There is no doubt that Malcolm X, formerly known as El Hajj Malik El Shabazz, had many characteristics of a great leader written all over him, when he joined the Nation of Islam. As a result, African Americans looked up to Malcolm X, who called himself the angriest Negro in America, for leadership. In this paper, I am going to argue that Malcolm was a great leader, who gave his life for the struggle for equal rights in the richest and most powerful country of the world, the USA. In a country, where everybody seeks to fulfill â€Å"the American dream†, but where many people live in a nightmare. For that, he should be remembered along with Martin Luther King Jr. To fully understand how great of a leader that he was, we need to take a closed look at Malcolm X's life. Malcolm led three remarkable lives in less than four decades: first as Malcolm Little, a convicted burglar and con man; as Malcolm X, the Nation of Islam's flamboyant orator; finally, as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, organizing an international approach to the problems besetting African Americans. It all began when Malcolm Little's confidence and dream was shattered and crashed. His teacher told him that he had to be â€Å"realistic about being a nigger. † (Malcolm X 118) I don't think Malcolm would became what he was if it was not for his teacher's comment on his dream of becoming a lawyer one day. Then, we have Minister Malcolm X, who devoted his life to the teaching of Elijah Muhammad. â€Å"The Honorable Elijah Muhammad is giving us true identity, and a true position – the first time they have ever been known to the American black man. † (Malcolm X 356) Malcolm was fascinated by the discipline, the obedience, and the strong sense of community responsibility the members of the Nation showed, and soon became one of Elijah's most devoted followers. Finally, after his trip to Mecca, we see Malcolm as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz whose belief was now in world brotherhood and human justice. Malcolm X was a misunderstood figure of his time, in my opinion. If you have read or heard what he said, you would undoubtedly label him as a racist. He went as far as calling whites the â€Å"devils† and he stirred up both the black and white communities with his â€Å"anti-white† philosophy. Malcolm is usually projected as the uncompromising advocate of Black Nationalism. Malcolm, always brooding and alienated, is depicted as the architect of armed revolution and confrontation and he is presented as the hostile critic of White liberalism. Many people base this on his denunciation of racism and they misinterpret this statement to mean that now he endorsed the principles of integration as a solution to America's racial dilemma. What people didn't realize at that time was Malcolm's basic goal or objective never changed: He was totally committed to freedom for oppressed people. Malcolm wanted for blacks only what whites wanted for themselves, no more and no less. Also we have to realize that his trip to Mecca had changed the way he thought about white people and he was not given enough time to show the world his new point of view because he was assassinated soon after. That's why most people today have the impression that Malcolm was a â€Å"bad† guy, who would gain freedom by any means necessary. What made him so great? He was a man of word and action. Malcolm represents a leader, which all communities look up to as dynamic, intelligent, and most importantly revitalizing. The Muslims of today, from all parts of the world see Malcolm as a man who not only had strong convictions and beliefs, but was not afraid to voice them and stand up to a system of oppression from white supremacy over powerless and minority black people. Black people need a leader who speaks the truth even when white people don't want to hear it, and Malcolm X is filling that role. As Malcolm X traveled around the country, preaching and encouraging blacks to take pride in their history and strengths as a people, membership in the Nation of Islam grew from about couple hundred to hundreds of thousands. Furthermore, I think it was Malcolm's vigorous passion for Black self-determination and Black unity as well as his spiritual connection to Islam that attracted black people to Nation of Islam and Elijah's vision played only a little part of it. In addition, the reason why the number of followers increase in Nation of Islam was contributed by Malcolm's exceptional oratorical ability, his quick wit, and piercing analysis that he gave in front of many audiences. Analysis such as â€Å"US government make their citizens hate Germany and Japan during WWII and now US had again make the people love Germany and Japan after the war†. And the comment that he made about the racial problems of today â€Å"If you pull out a knife on my back, the wound left a permanent scar which you can get rid off†. Those points that he made were right on the money. He was very charismatic, and when he talks, people listen. Communication is a very powerful weapon to use if you want to spread your words and wisdom, and Malcolm took advantage of that. Armed himself with knowledge of Islam, books that he read, and debating skill, he went on television shows argued against his many critics and performed public speech day in and day out. He was so eagerly devoted to spread the teaching of Nation of Islam that he found himself out on the road and was away from his family for many weeks or months. The development of Nation of Islam was his priority. Why Malcolm had such impact on black communities? Because Malcolm was one of them before he joined Nation of Islam and became a minister. Came out from the heart of the Harlem ghetto, he knew the first hand experience of prejudice and inequality that impose on blacks. Therefore, many of his audiences can relate some of the things that he said in their everyday life. In addition, Malcolm transformed himself from a street hustler to an articulate leader and was convinced that others could change for the better as well. His message about self-improvement was loud and clear. Without education, you are not going anywhere in this world. In his autobiography he said, â€Å"My whole life had been a chronology of changes†. Such an extreme change seems to unbelievable, but after reading his autobiography; everyone can feel how much power this man had. Another reason why he was a great leader was that his readiness to revise his ideas and change them. People make mistakes and it takes courage to admit it publicly and try to change it so the mistake won't happen again. In the fields of politic and religion, which he was vigorously involved in, people usually don't change, even they proved to be wrong. Malcolm X was different. He turned all his beliefs and his way of life upside down when joining the Nation of Islam. He stopped drinking, smoking and abusing drugs instantly and dedicated his life to his leader, whereas he had been selfish and greedy his whole life before. Everything is going well till when the affairs of Elijah Muhammad with his secretaries made Malcolm questioned the leadership and belief of Nation of Islam. As a result, he left Nation of Islam and took a pilgrimage to Mecca where he experienced real brotherhood, being accepted and treated as a human being. The friendliness and respect he received made a great impression on him. â€Å"I saw that people who looked alike drew together and most of the time stayed together? KIt tucked it into my mind that when I returned home I would tell Americans this observation; that where true brotherhood existed among all colors. † (Malcolm 350) He became less militant and even admitted that white people could contribute to the black movement. Malcolm also got rid of Mr. Muhammad's doctrines and taught the real Islam he experienced in the East. When we remember Malcolm X, we cannot ignore that he did change from seeing race as a dividing issue to his final testimony as a Muslim who believed in a religion which spells out clearly that all humankind is created and judged equally. He declared that â€Å"all human beings should be respected as such, regardless of their color. † Malcolm often predicted that his leaving the Nation of Islam would lead to his death. When he heard of the Black Muslim's plot to kill him, he did not feel any fear; he just wanted his family to be safe. Before he died, he declared that he would be glad if he could have helped the black people, but that all credit is due to Allah. Only the mistakes were his. This is another admiration that I have for him. He did not fear death and went on doing his business as usual. Like I stated earlier, Malcolm put himself last and newfound religion and his family first. He was not afraid to accept the ultimate freedom for African Americans, as he stated, which is death. Today, nearly 30 years after the end of the Civil Rights Movement, some things have changed. A strong black middle-class has emerged, and some African-Americans have been able to get into leading positions in management or government. In several big cities with a majority of black citizens, black mayors are in office. Both civil right leaders Martin and Malcolm have become American heroes. Finally, Malcolm was a great man and a role model for all African Americans and Malcolm was a man who made people proud and showed them who they were. He dared to speak truth against the lies of racism, to stand tall before the blows of hatred and oppression. When they died, they left examples of wisdom, courage, and spiritual tenacity that few leaders of any race have matched. He didn't die in vain because things have improved since his death. We see the growth of strong black middle class.

Stalin essays

Stalin essays Stalin did not demonstrate truly wise and honourable leadership of his country, and it was only because of the unstable nature of Europe at this time that the people of Russia trusted and put their faith in him. Stalin was the son of an alcoholic cobbler and a washerwoman, and was all too aware of the privileges of class. He came to loathe anyone wealthier than himself (he even annihilated the Kulaks, a wealthy peasant class) and was obsessed with a vision of liberating his native Georgia from the rule of the Tsars. Trotsky wrote that Stalins hatred of the oppressors was much stronger than his love of the oppressed, and even Lenin did not want Stalin to succeed him. Stalins has often been compared with Hitler, but while Hitler only left graves, devastation and degradation in Germany, Stalin turned a starving, destitute land into a powerful industrial state. However, this gain, and Russias increase in territory in Eastern Europe, came at enormous cost to the Russian people. To understand why Stalin led Russia in the way that he did after the war it is first necessary to go back and see how he operated during World War Two. When the Second World War broke out, Stalin decided to claim neutrality. His idea was that if all the countries of the world went to war with Germany by the end of the war they would all be financially and politically exhausted. Russia, having been at peace, could then rise to be the greatest power in the world and eliminate capitalism. When Stalin decided that it was actually in Russias interest to enter the war he intended to side with a nation(s) that opposed Nazi expansion, but due to his distrust of the west, he ended up as an ally of Germany. He considered Germany to be the lesser of two evils, and Nazi Germany offered him something he could not refuse when it took control of areas of Soviet interest and was willing to give the Baltic States and part of Poland to R...

The Role of Oversight in Strategic Intelligence

The Role of Oversight in Strategic Intelligence Introduction People from various countries have mandated their governments all over the world to run the affairs of their specific countries or kingdoms on their behalf. Such governments have the authority to enforce laws and policies that would protect the wellbeing of the nation. Almost all governments in the present-day world comprise three arms namely the legislature, executive, and judiciary.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Oversight in Strategic Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The three arms of government are expected to work in collaboration and in accordance with the law while at the same time acting independently as stated by the law. Traditionally, the three arms of government were supposed to provide checks and balances to each other on behalf of the citizens. Congressional oversight role, which forms the basis of discussion in this study, falls within the described relationship. Congress Role in Strategic Intelligence The congress has a major role in strategic intelligence due to its position as one of the three arms of government. The intelligence community can be described as a department in the executive arm of government. When this community is being supervised by the congress, Erwin reveals that the intelligence community â€Å"describes the trend in intelligence spending from 1980 to the mid-1990s and the projected spending trend from the mid-1990s to 2001† (2013: 2). The congress derives its mandate from the citizens to be their representative in governance. Therefore, its main role is to â€Å"establish priorities and to align relevant budgets accordingly† (Erwin 2013:6) to secure the interests of citizens that it represents who also pay taxes to the government. Lenart et al. confirm that intelligence services have their role in the provision of security to citizens as a role of the national government otherwise known as the executive arm of the government. As security matters, intelligence services are supposed to be conducted in utmost secrecy with most of information about their operations being classified and only available to authorized persons. The congress has a role in controlling and allocation of resources to different government agencies through the passing of the budget (2010: 4). This allocation comes together with accountability on how the money allocated has been used. Therefore, intelligence community is obligated to account for all finances that it has received or requested. It â€Å"gathers, analyzes, and shares potential threat information with other federal, state and local law enforcement agencies† (2013: 3).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Accountability requires a breakdown of all vote elements that make up the budget, which in this case will allow the congress an insight into the intelligence community’s work. The second role that allows the congress to have an oversight duty over the intelligence community is the legislative role bestowed on it, which comes with the watchdog duty. When the congress makes laws, it also follows up the same as a way of ensuring that the laws are followed to the latter and that they include those that create the intelligence community. In fact, intelligence community is not above the law. It has to adhere to all laws that have been passed by congress. The congress therefore ensures that all government agencies operate within the laws that have been made. According to Rosenbach and Peritz, its oversight role is mandated on a few members who make up the â€Å"House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence† (2003:18). This committee is a 16-member board that deals with all matters to do with intelligence queries. It reports to the full house on its findings. The third role that bestows the congr ess with an oversight role is the power given to it by law to put any information to the public domain. Armed with this authority, the congress can make public any information that is deemed confidential by simply declassifying it. The basic need that gives the congress all these powers is because it is the people’s representative elected through a popular vote. Therefore, its being in existence is to secure the interests of citizens. The need for the congress to provide an oversight role to the intelligence community started back in the 1970s after Church and Pike committee findings that called for the regulation of the operations of the CIA. It was becoming a rogue agency that did not â€Å"focus on threats relating to border security, chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) issues† (2003: 2). The failures of the intelligence community in Somalia, on their reporting falsely of the chemical weapons in Iraq and its failures leading to the 9/11 attacks ha ve heightened the need for oversight of these agencies. The intelligence community has been accused of infringing on the rights of citizens by illegally carrying out monitoring activities that violate the laws that protect them (the citizens). Intelligence as part of security receives a lot of money for its operations. This money has to be accounted for because it belongs to taxpayers who would wish to understand where all taxes they pay go.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Oversight in Strategic Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, members of the congress have a duty in ensuring that all the monies allocated to all government agencies including the congress are accounted for and that they are proved to have been used for the purpose they were meant for in the budget. Conclusion The need for congress to provide an oversight role has always come out as controversial due to the sensitive matters that come from the intelligence information desk. The congress is made up of politicians who are deemed too unqualified to provide such an oversight role. Such politicians are seen as interference to intelligence communities’ work discussed above. Reference List Erwin, Marshall. Intelligence Spending and Appropriations: Issues for Congress. London: Congressional Research Service, 2013. Web. Lenart, Brienne, Joseph Albanese, William Halstead, Jeffrey Schlegelmilch, and James Paturas, Integrating public health and medical intelligence gathering into homeland security fusion centers. Web. Rosenbach, Eric, and Aki Peritz. Confrontation or Collaboration? Congress and the Intelligence Community. Harvard Kennedy School and Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, 2003.

Top 8 Tools You Need to Use For Salary Research

Top 8 Tools You Need to Use For Salary Research Here at TheJobNetwork, we talk a lot about the job hunt, and your career path. Revamping your resume, searching for the perfect job opportunity, getting your smile and handshake ready for the interview†¦all crucial career elements. But what about the most practical career consideration of all: your salary? You need a paycheck to pay for life’s basic necessities, and the goal for most of us is to keep building on that so that we’re able to live comfortably while doing something fulfilling. Sure, dreams of Ferraris and designer clothes are great, but in reality most of us are just looking for solid pay for a day’s work. For years, salary was kind of a taboo subject- you didn’t talk about what you earned with anyone but your employer. And even now, there are a lot of unwritten rules: don’t bring up salary during an interview, let them mention money first, etc. So how do you know what you should (and could) be making? Where do you even start? Letâ €™s look at the top tools you can use to research salary, and figure out what you’re worth in the workplace.U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsIf you like stats and charts, this is the place for you. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics is the data-heavy arm of the U.S. Department of Labor. It’s a comprehensive resource for information about just about any career you can think of, with an extensive database providing information about employment rates, regional employment information, job outlooks and projections, median salaries, U.S. employment trends, occupation profiles, and demographic information.Pros: It’s not just a salary resource, but also one for general career information. You can find out not only what people are making in your field, but also what the requirements are, and job descriptions.Cons: Occupation information tends to be very high-level, without much variance for different job titles. Also, the salary information is usually median, so it ca n be tough to see the full range of salary info.PayScalePayScale is a massive salary database that is available to employers (to help them figure out what to pay) and employees/job hunters (to help them figure out what they’re worth, based on job title, industry, and region). Users can create a custom profile based on their current job, a job offer they’re considering, or just general job research. The site also offers general information and research on fair compensation, salary negotiation, and salary best practices.Pros: Casual users can get a free â€Å"salary report† based on experience or location.Cons: Much of the research and features of the â€Å"largest salary profile database in the world† are available as premium software for employers. Also, expect to give detailed (though non-personally identifiable) information about your current job title, salary, location, etc. in order to get your salary report.Salary.comLike PayScale, Salary.com is a co mprehensive salary software that draws on a massive database of salary information, parsed out by region, job title, experience, etc. It has an enterprise software component for businesses and employers to research and compare salary data, as well as a free salary profile available to employees and job searchers. Notably, the site also has a Cost-of-Living Wizard, which lets you enter information and determine what your cost of living would be in various locations. This is very helpful if you’re moving and need to find a job, or are considering transferring in your current job.Pros: Straightforward interface, and a huge database of job and salary information. The site also has a number of general job search and career development articles.Cons: Many of its resources are available as paid options.Idealist Career Salary SurveysIf you work for a nonprofit company, or are looking for a job with one, you know that they can be a different kind of beast than their corporate siblings . Compensation may be handled differently, so the standard resources might not be as helpful. If you’re looking for info on nonprofit careers, Idealist has compiled a number of different links and surveys to help you find the information you want on working for nonprofits.Pros: It’s a comprehensive resource for nonprofit career information (job openings, career development, pay and benefits information).Cons: The focus is limited to nonprofits, so it can be difficult to compare nonprofit salaries and jobs to other fields and industries.BufferIdeally, all of our companies would have a salary calculator where we could plug in our job title and level of experience, and see what the salary range is. (I mean, we’re all a little nosy about what other people are making, right?) Practicality often calls for more discretion, and most companies would prefer not to have that knowledge public. The exception to that rule: Buffer, a social media company who has pioneered the whole â€Å"transparent salary† concept over the past few years. Their Transparent Salary Calculator really only tells you what you’d be making if you worked at Buffer, but it’s still a handy tool for reference.Pros: If you have a similar job title and level of experience, this can help give you a baseline to take with you into a new job offer salary negotiation, or a request for a raise. Also, yay transparency!Cons: It’s very specific to a small social media company, so if you have a role outside of the 20 or so job types listed at Buffer, it’s not especially helpful.Educate to Career Job Seekers Salary CalculatorIf you’ve been around the block for a while, career-wise, you probably know roughly what people make in your field, or what you can expect long term. If you’re just starting out, say, as a recent grad, you probably don’t have that sense yet. Educate to Career helps students, recent graduates, or other job seekers figu re out what they can make based on the field, job title, relevant experience, and location.Pros: The database covers all states and regions, and factors in education level as a predictor of salary. It’s a straightforward search, and gives information on median salary, starting salary, top earner salaries, and likely market salaries. The states are broken down into regions, which gives very specific reports.Cons: The site is very student-focused, so the general career information is geared more toward students and soon-to-be grads than the average job hunter.U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity CommissionWhether you’re figuring out your market value or hoping to negotiate a higher salary for yourself, it’s important to know what’s legal or illegal when it comes to your pay. The U.S. government’s Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) publishes information about discrimination, equal pay, and the latest legislation that affects employee compensa tion.Pros: If you’re concerned that you’re being underpaid or discriminated against by your employer, this is an excellent place to start.Cons: It’s not a huge database, or a flashy interface- just straightforward information about employment practices.Salary ExpertIf you want to know more about salary on a global scale, Salary Expert has a database for that. Like other salary search engines, Salary Expert allows you to get reports and make comparisons on salary and cost of living across the globe.Pros: If you’re fantasizing about moving to London but are concerned about your earning potential and the cost of living, this is the tool to use. You can browse salary and cost of living data without signing up for any services.Cons: The most advanced salary data is part of a premium software package purchase.Next Steps After You’ve ResearchedOnce you know what you’re worth, you’ve got the tools you need to move toward your higher salary. W e’ve got you covered on what to do next:Your Comprehensive Guide to Negotiating SalaryHow to Earn a Six-Figure Salary in Your Lifetime11 Tips for Getting the Salary You WantHow to Negotiate Your Salary in An Interview6 Tips for Negotiating the Salary You WantWhen you’re ready to talk money, you should have every possible tool at your disposal. These resources can help you be armed and ready to advocate for yourself, and make sure that you’re exactly where you should be- or could be. Good luck!

Inflation and GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Inflation and GDP - Essay Example The chart above demonstrates the Phillips curve, if we assume that the economy unemployment level is at point 0 and that the inflation level is at point x then if inflation increases to point A then the level of unemployment will reduce from point 0 to point 1. if inflation is at point x and inflation is reduced to point B then the level of unemployment will increase from point 0 to 2. Therefore the cost of reducing inflation is increased unemployment. Inflation is the persistent rise in price in an economy over a long period of time, there are two forms of inflation which include cost push inflation and demand pull inflation. Demand pull inflation is as a result of increased demand that exceeds the supply level, when demand increases and supply remains constant then price of the good rises and this is what refered to as demand pull inflation. Cost push inflation results from a number of interactions in the economy, this type of inflation is related to wage rates and the increased cost of production which results into an increase in price of goods. In an economy cost push inflation occurs where workers demand for higher wage rates, when wage rates are increased the cost of production increases. When the cost of production increases then the price of goods increase leading to inflation. When the price of goods increase consumers who are the workers experience a reduction in their real income and therefore demand for higher pay and the cycle continues, however there are other factors that may lead to inflation example increased money supply, increased government expenditure and reduced borrowing rates, inflation can therefore be reduced by reducing government expenditure, reducing money supply and increasing borrowing rates or interest rates. Long run and the short run Phillips curve: Due to rational expectations in the economy the short run and long run Phillips curve differ, the long run Phillips curve is drawn as a vertical line, this concept is due to the natural rate of unemployment that prevails in the economy, when individuals in the economy rational expectations that inflation will increase then the inflation level will be higher than the expected inflation level, diagram below shows the long run and the short run Phillips curve. The chart above shows the long run and short run Phillips curves, if the economy starts at short run Phillips curve 1 and individuals in the economy have rational expectations that inflation will rise, then inflation will rise but the rational expectations will increase inflation to higher level at the same unemployment level and this will lead to a shift in the short run Phillips curve to short run Phillips curve 2, the point market b on the above diagram shows the non accelerated rate of unemploym

Arbitration Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Arbitration Law - Assignment Example to consider before getting into an agreement such as this one and the relevant alternative methods of solving disputes that may arise between the parties to a contract such as this other than arbitration2. In addition to that, this report shall guide you through a practical approach into the identification of pitfalls that may come with the drafting of such a clause in a contract aside from providing the benefits that can be gained according to the law over the counter-party that arise from drafting the standard dispute resolution clause3. While drafting a standard dispute resolution clause, the author should ensure that the content is not ambiguous and can be clearly understood by both parties4. It is important to note that the courts in England will seek to implement the agreement as agreed upon by both parties on the dispute resolution mechanism. In the event that such information is not clearly stipulated in the dispute resolution clause resulting from the clause being poorly written, both parties to the contract may find themselves in unfamiliar grounds in trying to seek a way out of their dispute5. The dispute resolution clause should not be confused with the governing law clause because the dispute resolution clause provides the forum that both parties to the contract wish their disputes to be resolved in any case they arise. Parties to the contract specify the methods of solving their disputes in the standard dispute resolution clause6. These methods range from arbitration to reference to litigation and even mediation. Reference to litigation, also known as Jurisdiction Clause, is done through the courts. The jurisdiction clause is added when parties to a contract want a certain court, or a specific number of courts, to determine their case. However, including the jurisdiction clause into the contract in a situation where the parties have settled on an alternative forum as their most preferred is outlawed7. This clause is one of the considerations to be

Criminal Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Liability - Essay Example This left the roof in a dangerous position that collapsed killing Serena. Adam can be held criminally liable for the death of Serena. His act of stealing lead connects the link of causation that led to the death of Serena. Criminal negligence represents men's rea. However, the men's rea in this situation is replaced by the recklessness of Adam. The test used to determine recklessness is the standard of behaviour expected of the defendant in such circumstances. A reasonable person in such circumstances would not have committed the act that Adam did and therefore he can be considered to have the men's rea required to find him criminally liable. The test here applies to willful negligence in gross negligence that another person would find it reckless. In criminal law, there must be an actus reus and men’s rea. The actus reus of the defendant was stealing the lead that led to the roof collapsing. Criminal negligence looks at the culpability and recklessness that causes the interme diate seriousness of the resulting actions of a defendant. Adam was reckless in his actions since he exposed other members of the church to damage. This means that he was willful in running the risk. The courts in such a case will apply the test of a reasonable person to analyze his culpability in such a case. This test of culpability and men's rea is an assessment by the courts to establish whether the defendant had the foresight of the consequences of his actions. It applies three elements in these tests.

The endocrine regulation of metamorphosis in lepidoperons and anurans Essay

The endocrine regulation of metamorphosis in lepidoperons and anurans - Essay Example The order Lepidoptera is considered as being the "second largest order in the class Insecta and includes the butterflies, skippers, and moths. Members of the order are referred to as lepidopterans" (Wikipedia, 2007). This particular order has more than 180,000 species in 128 families and 47 superfamilies. Lepidopterans undergo a complete and full metamorphosis, as they go through a four-stage life cycle of egg: larva/caterpillar - pupa/chrysalis - imago/adult. When we look at the anurans, which are considered as being the most successful and diverse of the amphibians and anura is considered as being an order of animals in the class amphibian, and this includes both frogs and toads. At the present time in the world there are about 5,280 species that are considered as being in this order, and those that are living are divided into three particular suborders, which are: Archaeobatrachia, Mesobatrachia and Neobatrachia. In regards to the metamorphosis process of the anurans, the beginning is the larval stage, where it is a tadpole, and after a certain period of growth, the tadpole undergoes metamorphosis, in which the tail is lost and limbs appear.

HS610 Week 3 Conf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HS610 Week 3 Conf - Essay Example owever in some cases the federal government might fail in its role of protecting the citizens and hence the state government is compelled to come in which is unconstitutional. For Instance, in the case of South Carolinas new immigration law. The federal government has filed several law suits challenging the new immigration law in Sourth Carolina. The South Carolina state has seen the need to protect its citizens because the federal government has shown a massive failure in its authority of protecting the citizens. The constitution of the US states that the states also have the mandate of protecting its citizens from the brutal acts of the federal government. The federal government is keenly involved in protecting the citizens from the damages of natural disasters such as tsunami according to Kamien (n.d). Similarly, the federal government ensures the principal of equal rights to all citizens. The state government is not responsible for then protection of the legal interests of the citizens; the federal governmen has the responsibility in ensuring that the legal rights of the citrizens are protected. This is why the governmkwent is chaqllenging the legal rights of the South Carolinas new immigration law aimed at protecting their citizens. The South carolinas new immigration law has given law officers the chance to check suspects immigration status. Howver, the federal gidvernment argues that this is unconstitutional. In terms of enforcing homeland security the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been viewed by most of its counterparts as one among the highly pioneering and booming police departments in the history of the United States. However the NYPD has gained a more dangerous reputation in latest years for its unprecedented dispute to privacy and social liberties in maraca regarded by others as overreach internationally. Fusion centers have erupted as major information sharing centers for law implementation and counterterrorism groups over the last ten

Latino Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Latino Studies - Essay Example Keeping in mind of the extensive and porous border that the United States shares with Mexico, many people in the United States worried that, the violence in Mexico could extend to their country. Furthermore, Mexico, being the second biggest state in Latin America, it constitutes the largest portion of the total number of immigrants into the United States. Therefore, at first, the matter of child immigration in the eyes of the people was a Mexican issue (BBC 3). However, child migration from Honduras as well as from the other Central American nations has become a great matter of concern as the then small problem grew steadily to become a critical humanitarian condition according to President Barrack Obama. Soon after, all the discussions regarding immigration in the United States turned on to child migration into the U.S-Mexico border. The matter prompted president Obama to request for additional funds from the members of Congress to help mitigate the problem (BBC 5). There is a lot of controversy regarding the exact reasons that led to this rapid increase in child migration who mostly come from Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. Some people in Central America hold the false belief that children who make their way to the United States enjoy great autonomy in their lives. Many president Barrack Obama critics indict him for escalating the problem through his careless enforcement of the immigration laws of the United States (Hing para.5). Different leaders and influential people in the United States started expressing their opinions on the best ways of solving the problem. Hillary Clinton asked the Obama government to clearly, inform the Central American people that migrants of all age including children will have their way back to their respective countries. Biden, the vice president, with instructions from the government went to Guatemala to meet the Central American leaders and pass the message. With this step,

HS610 Week 3 Conf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HS610 Week 3 Conf - Essay Example owever in some cases the federal government might fail in its role of protecting the citizens and hence the state government is compelled to come in which is unconstitutional. For Instance, in the case of South Carolinas new immigration law. The federal government has filed several law suits challenging the new immigration law in Sourth Carolina. The South Carolina state has seen the need to protect its citizens because the federal government has shown a massive failure in its authority of protecting the citizens. The constitution of the US states that the states also have the mandate of protecting its citizens from the brutal acts of the federal government. The federal government is keenly involved in protecting the citizens from the damages of natural disasters such as tsunami according to Kamien (n.d). Similarly, the federal government ensures the principal of equal rights to all citizens. The state government is not responsible for then protection of the legal interests of the citizens; the federal governmen has the responsibility in ensuring that the legal rights of the citrizens are protected. This is why the governmkwent is chaqllenging the legal rights of the South Carolinas new immigration law aimed at protecting their citizens. The South carolinas new immigration law has given law officers the chance to check suspects immigration status. Howver, the federal gidvernment argues that this is unconstitutional. In terms of enforcing homeland security the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has been viewed by most of its counterparts as one among the highly pioneering and booming police departments in the history of the United States. However the NYPD has gained a more dangerous reputation in latest years for its unprecedented dispute to privacy and social liberties in maraca regarded by others as overreach internationally. Fusion centers have erupted as major information sharing centers for law implementation and counterterrorism groups over the last ten

Development of Pad Conditioner Drop Detection System Dissertation

Development of Pad Conditioner Drop Detection System - Dissertation Example The project focuses on the design of a sensor system that can trigger accumulation of copper on the pad or detect the optimal parameters of the CMP equipment. Contents Development of Pad Conditioner Drop Detection System 30 1 1.0 Introduction 5 1.1 Background information 5 1.2 Statement of the problem 6 1.3 Statement of the problem 8 On 13h Dec 2010 PCUD712 went to check P2 trace and found Cu was not fully polished at wafer. This problem of having wafer edges that are not fully polished has caused the need for this project. No one did recognize the occurrence of the problem until one of the maintenance team did a random testing. Making CMP equipment that has a sensor can trigger any drop caused by the presence of copper and call for a response from the team. 8 1.4 Project scope 8 1.5 Objective 9 1.6 Specific objectives 9 2.0 literature Review 10 2.1 Types of planarization 10 2.1.1 Doped Glass Reflow 10 2.1.2 Spin etch planarization (SEP) 10 2.1.3 Spin on deposition (SOD) 11 SOP is mo stly applied in deposits on different glasses, porous low-k dielectrics and polymer ILD. By mixing different base catalysts and suitable additives, a precursor solution is prepared at room temperature. Pretreated wafer surface provides an effective surface for solution spreading. A little amount of the solution is dripped on the wafers that are then rinsed, spun dried baked and later cured. This process shows excellent gap filling qualities. Nevertheless, several defects are noted on the spin in the deposited materials. When the materials from this process are exposed to plasma, they show non-homogeneity in subsequent operations. Undue stresses are induced by the tendency of the spin to absorb moisture from the air and releasing it with evolution of thermal stresses. The stresses result to cracking, peel off, shrinking, degradation and contamination of interconnects and thermal instability. 11 2.1.4 Reactive ion etch and etch back 11 2.1.5 Chemical mechanical polishing 12 Historical ly, grinding has always been an inexpensive operation compared to polishing. The level of polishing required nowadays in the IC fabrication can not be matched to these advantages (Yoshio, 2000). Unlike grinders, polishers use elastic media to sever bonds on a molecular level ejecting nanometer sized particles. The grinders’ use rigid media that create cracks through a work piece, the clusters are micron sized. Recent research has shown that the maximum force is a key variable of sub surface damage (Chandra etal., 2000 p.81). CMP focuses on the insights accruing from the investigations on minimizing force/grit by applying knowledge of errant particles that plague polishing processes (Chandra & Bastawros, 2004 p.65). The process involves incorporating the wafer pattern into a gimbal and replacing the polishing pad with two diametrically opposing wheels. The trapped particles will induce a torque on one of the wheels thereby making the gimbal rotate away from offending particle. Through optimization of the dynamics of the gimbals’ response to the acute forces resulting from the errant particles, a defect mitigating maximum-force minimization is realized at low cost. 15 2.2 IC interconnects 17 2.3 Photometric dispersion analyzer (PDA 2000) 19 To monitor properties of flowing suspension and emulsions, a PDA 2000 is used both in laboratories

Reliability and validity Essay Example for Free

Reliability and validity Essay Normally when a survey and research is carried out the results should be tested to prove whether they are valid and reliable. Therefore I have come out with the following responses to judge the following students wrong or right. Student number one has no concrete ideas on what validity and reliability means. In the first place validity is not judgmental but objective. For the response to be valid the results should be seen to be working and practical. Reliability according to student one is a little bit applicable and I can therefore accept it. He/she argues out correctly that comparing the responses of groups’ pools and relating the accuracy of the out comers can achieve reliability. However one thing that has been ignored is that for the response of this student to be reliable then it should be done repeatedly is when comparisons on the accuracy can be done. Student one has not got the exact meaning of validity since a data is only valid when it has been tested and the results or outcome is accepted. This is always done at some levels of confidence interval. One cannot just pass a judgment that given information is valid before testing the results. For the second student reliability is properly defined and explained. For a data to be reliable automatically the test result should be consistent. Student two also has a bright idea on validity. A good test it said to reliable and valid if it is consistent and measures exactly what it tends to measure. I believe that the results that the students will get from the use of the healthy eating index as a tool on the changing quality of nutrient intake for 9th grade female athletes at the love joy high school will be accepted. The third student is a bright statistician as he/she uses a lot of statistics to express his mind. Results of a test will be reliable when they are consistent. Consistency is achieved after several repetitions of the test are done. His/her reaction on validity is also okay. The research measurement tool should only measure what it purports to measure. The different types of validity are also discussed clearly by this student. Student 4 is completely mixed up on differentiating the term validity and reliability. Basically validity is not whether or not the research explains or measures what he/she said he would be measuring. The validity should be based on the fact that the test should measure exactly what it is to measure. Again for results to be reliable they should be consistent after several experiments performed. You can use an instrument that gives accurate results but this doesn’t mean that the results will be reliable. His findings on the course curriculum may be misleading or not trusted in the long run. The fifth student is also wrong on the way he responds to validity and reliability. His argument is subjective in nature. Reliability doe not mean ability to be able to rely on the research instrument but it means the consistency of the results produced by the research instrument. The sixth student is judged right on how he defines the term validity and reliability. However he does not know how validity and reliability is achieved. It is not a matter of relying on the test tool and how it is administered but the tool should be able to test the exact thing it is suppose to test. Therefore relying on the test tool can create results that are not valid and reliable. The seventh student has not properly brought out the exact meaning of the two terms. Reliability has to do with the consistency of the test results. Therefore some measuring tool should be used. Success of any study cannot be generalized unless it is tested and found to be consisted and accurate. This is when we can rely on the results. The eighth student summarizes the discussion on the two terms very smartly. To be simple and to avoid confusion a test is valid if it measures what is says to measure. Then very smartly he defines reliability as the consistency of measurements. All the information collected from the survey he wanted to carry will be reliable if they are consistence. Otherwise I have no objection with his argument when he says that validity reliability assure that tests and results are done and performed in the most accurate manner. Reference: Louis, C. (2003). Research Methods in Education New York: Routledge Publishers.

British Imperial Regulations D :: essays research papers

British imperial regulations with the American colonies were closely tied in with the system of mercantilism. Mercantilism controls the relations between the leading power and the colonies under its empire. A nation would want to export more than it imports gaining more money to obtain economic stability. The colonies exist for the profit of the mother country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Trade was a vital part of the economy of both England and the British colonies. The colonies would provide a majority of raw materials that would be shipped to England where then they would process raw materials into goods and sell them at markets provided by the colonies. Within this system both England and the colonies depended on each other for commerce. To further enforce this system on their oversees empire England enacted the Navigation Laws. In 1650 the first of these laws was aimed at keeping trade between the colonies limited only to their mother country, England. The law restricted trade of such shippers as the Dutch, by stating all goods must be transported on English vessels to or from the colonies. This helped keep money within British control, but also increased both England’s and the colonies’ merchant marine. Further laws were passed, but none that imposed strict regulations on the colonies. In fact the colonies received advantages from the mercantile system of England. As colonies of England they had the rights of Englishmen. They also had some opportunities of self-government. As compared economically to the average Englishmen of the time, the average American colonist was more often better off. In some markets, such as tobacco, the colonies had great advantages. Although not allowed to trade tobacco with any other country; they were guaranteed a monopoly on the English market. One of the major advantages of British imperialism was the protection supplied by the British army. With the strong soldiers providing defense against natives and other inter colonial disputes and the mighty British navy protecting their commerce on the seas; the colonies benefited from great advantages provided by their oversees “rulers';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the colonists prospered from the British imperialism, they also however, dealt with many disadvantages from the British. In 1733 the British Parliament, feeling tension from the planters in the British West Indies, enacted the Molasses Act. The planters were competing against the French West Indies for trade with the North American colonies and considering the colonies were a part of the British empire, as were the British West Indies, the colonies trade was restricted from trading with the French West Indies.

Relativism vs. Christianity Essay -- Ethics Morals Values

Standards of right and wrong are the mere products of time and culture. Morality is a neutral concept - there is no such thing as an absolute right or wrong. Instead, morality is defined by what is 'good' or 'bad' in a given society, by the social norms. What held true one thousand, one hundred, or even twenty years ago may or may not hold true now. The human race has grown and continues to expand; our technology, culture, customs, and laws constantly change and evolve. Perception is reality. What one believes to be right or wrong could be completely different from what someone else believes. I believe that abortion is a much-needed aspect of society. You might disagree completely. Which position is morally correct? Everything you believe, you believe because you were taught in some way shape or form. Is it wrong to kill? "Of course", a modern American citizen would respond. Ask this to a member of the ancient Yanomamo tribe and they would not only disagree, but they would find it to be a common and accepted act among their people. Upon an Emperor’s death, Samurai would take the lives of their willing friends as a sign of honor and respect. It is hard to judge exactly what good and bad are, because their definitions change as time goes by. Morals will never stop evolving, so something that may be â€Å"good† or ethical by today’s standards, may be â€Å"evil† in the future. The greatest good is in the eye of the beholder. Relativism does not allow for the existence of an absolut...

Data Gathering Procedure Essay

After the validation of the instrument, the researchers secured a written permit to the administrators of Alicia National High School, Records from the registrar office and guidance office are useful enough for the needed data on the list of student who are dropouts, repeaters, balik-arals and students with failed grades. After given permission, the researchers explained the purpose of the study to the selected respondents and then they made sure each participant corresponds to their predefined criteria. The researchers collected the data by means of survey questionnaire that comprises their age, gender, and year level and student status. The problems encountered by the respondents will be identified through the second part of the survey questionnaire that was given to them. After, the respondents have taken the tests; the papers were checked, tallied, interpreted and analyzed. Research Design In this study, the descriptive-survey method was employed to identify the role and significance of The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. To define the descriptive type of research, Creswell (1994) stated that the descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing condition. The aim of descriptive research is to verify formulated hypotheses that refer to the present situation in order to elucidate it. The descriptive approach is quick and practical in terms of the financial aspect. Moreover, this method allows a flexible approach, thus, when important new issues and questions arise during the duration of the study, further investigation may be conducted. A survey is a structured way of learning about a larger group of people by obtaining information from a representative sample of that particular group of people. Some of the advantages of a survey are that it describes the characteristics of a large population and there is no other method of observation, which can provide this general capability. It allows many questions to be asked about a given topic by giving considerable flexibility to the analysis. A survey is also a single most widely used research design in educational research; therefore, it was used in this educational research as well (Kavetuna,  2009). Purposive sampling method was done for the sample selection. A purposive sample refers to the selection of units based on personal judgment rather than randomization. This judgmental sampling is in some way â€Å"representative† of the population of interest without sampling at random. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations where it is needed to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is not the primary concern. In relation with the study, the researchers identified The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines. It seeks to provide information and examine the relationship among variables. Theoretical Framework According to Erik Erikson’s Psycho-Social Development of Personality, particularly the conflict stage of â€Å"industry versus inferiority,† that lasts from 6 to 11 years. In our culture, school life begins here. This stage is the beginning of life outside the family; a stage of systematic instruction, a movement from play to a sense of work. This stage describes that a child needs to do well and develop a sense of work completion and satisfaction in a job well done. Otherwise, the child develops a sense of inferiority and inequality. Another is the adolescence stage termed, â€Å"identity versus identity confusion† that occurs between 12 to 20 years, it emphasizes the difficult transition between childhood and adulthood that can be strongly affected by social limitations and possibilities. The adolescent is likely to suffer from confused roles. Doubts about one’s sexual attractiveness and sexual identity are common to this stage. The inability to develop a sense of identification with an individual or cultural role model who gives direction to one’s life can lead to a period of floundering and insecurity. Another reaction is over identification with youth-culture heroes or clique leaders leading to a loss of identity. Because of these crucial stages where most high school students in the country are where at, many problems arises that can affect their functioning in their daily lives. An additional theory is from Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, which points out the basic human needs. He believed that exposure to environmental conditions that permit or prohibit gratification of the basic needs prompts movement up or down the hierarchy of needs. Maslow suggests  that, without the fulfilment of these needs, an individual may feel discouraged, weak and inferior. In line with this study, if a student feels discouraged and inferior, his motivation may be affected and thus, there will certainly have inhibitions especially with his performance in school. Moreover, Carl Rogers’ Self-theory that points out that the ultimate goal of each one is to be a fully functioning person. It is a process in which the individual constantly pursues his or her actualizing tendency, and at the same time behaves in a manner that is true to the self. Rogers also described the characteristics of a fully functioning person these are: openness to experiences, existential living, self-trust, sense of freedom and creativity. With these theories, the researchers will conduct a study on The Computerized Library System of City of Cauayan, District II, Cauayan City, Isabela, Philippines as a basis for a proposed guidance intervention program.

Death is Definitely Not Justified With Physician-Assisted Suicide Essay

Doctors dedicate their blood, sweat and tears to achieve the ultimate goal of their profession – to preserve the health and well-being of their patients. Doctors positively intervene with life processes in order to maintain and preserve the lives of many people. However, when doctors negatively intervene with a natural process like death, problems can arise because they are caught in a dilemma of whether to forego life and help end the suffering or to preserve it and torment the patients suffering with terminal illnesses. This is why, physician-assisted suicide is not just perceived solely as a medical problem because it also involves legal, ethical, social, personal, and financial considerations. Physician-assisted suicide remained as one of the most controversial types of euthanasia because it violates the Hippocratic Oath. Physician-assisted suicide literally means that the physician provides the medication for suicide to a competent patient who is capable of carrying it out. It is not just morally reprehensible for a physician, or any medical practitioner, to assist the patient to conduct this procedure because it negates their responsibility to preserve life, physician-assisted suicide also devalues the life of the patient as their fate is put entirely in the hands of a human being. Indeed, there exists an unprecedented debate over physician-assisted suicide (also called euthanasia) because involves medical professionals, as well as the patients and their families. The arguments range from determining the dignity of the patients, the quality of their lives, their mental state, and sometimes their usefulness to society. For example, the patient who is in a vegetative state is considered dead by some but not by others, and this case presents substantial moral and ethical problems. The Oxford Dictionary of English (2005) defines euthanasia as â€Å"the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma†. However, euthanasia means much more than a â€Å"painless death†, or the means of procuring it, or the action of inducing it. The definition specifies only the manner of death, and if this were all that was needed to achieve it — a murderer, who is careful to drug his victim to death, could claim that he or she did an act of euthanasia. We find this ridiculous because we take it for granted that euthanasia is â€Å"death† itself, not just the manner of death. How can someone administer a â€Å"medical procedure† to the one who dies in the end? The spate of recent public and philosophical controversy has been over voluntary active euthanasia (VAE), especially physician-assisted suicide. Supporters of VAE argue that there are cases in which relief from suffering supersedes all other consequences and that respect for autonomy obligates society to respect the decisions of those who elect euthanasia. If competent patients have a legal and moral right to refuse treatment that brings about their deaths, there is a similar right to enlist the assistance of physicians or others to help patients cause their deaths by an active means. Usually, supporters of VAE primarily look to circumstances in which (1) a condition has become overwhelmingly burdensome for a patient, (2) pain management for the patient is inadequate, and (3) only a physician seems capable of bringing relief (Dworkin, Frey & Bok, 1998). A much publicized case of physician-assisted suicide came into the headlines when it shocked people with the bizarre activities of Dr. Jack Kevorkian in early 1990s (or â€Å"Dr Death† as the media have dubbed him) in the USA. Dr. Kevorkian, a retired pathologist, assisted over forty people to commit suicide in recent years in circumstances, which were somewhat beyond normal from regular medical practice. These people travelled to Kevorkian from all over the USA to seek his assistance in suicide. Kevorkian assisted their death by ending their suffering. He even attached his patients at the back of a dilapidated Volkswagen van, where a â€Å"suicide machine† can be found. This machine automatically injects patients with lethal doses of drugs, as patients themselves activate it. Despite being prosecuted for assisted suicide on several occasions, Kevorkian escaped conviction and continued his personal campaign for relaxation of the law in his peculiar way. It was only when he moved from assistance in suicide to euthanasia that he was finally convicted. He filmed himself administering a lethal injection, and the film helped secure his conviction for murder (Keown 2002, p. 31). Of course, his actions provoked discussion of the thin line separating passive euthanasia, which is legal in this country, and active euthanasia. Opponents of Kevorkian’s actions state that he is practicing physician-assisted suicide, which is illegal. Proponents of Kevorkian’s actions argue that the patient’s right to control his or her medical treatment is sufficient justification for assisted suicide. Unfortunately, most Americans seem to agree with physician-assisted suicide. A nationwide survey by the Gallup poll in 2004 showed that 69% of Americans believed that physicians should be allowed to help terminally ill patients in severe pain commit suicide. These results were consistent with those of Gallup polls over the past two years, where â€Å"Americans have shown slightly higher levels of support for doctors ending patients’ lives by painless means than for assisting patients to commit suicide† (Lyons, 2004). Allen et al. (2006) suggest about the reasons for these statistics. They said that â€Å"one explanation could be the increase in education and awareness of advances in both medical technology and research on various chronic diseases†. As more Americans are becoming more aware of the devastating psychological effects of disease on a person’s well being; â€Å"they may be more willing to make informed decisions on end-of-life care†. Armed with knowledge of how painful and grueling pains that patients suffer, Americans think that sometimes the best option for a terminally ill patient is physician-assisted suicide or some other form of euthanasia. Strangely enough, a group of doctors also support physician-assisted suicide. Known as the Hemlock Society, these doctors advocate the legalization of euthanasia (Snyder, 2001). This organization believes that the final decision to terminate life ultimately is one’s own, although it does not encourage suicide for emotional, traumatic, or financial reasons, or in the absence of terminal illness. Conversely, the National Hospice Organization supports a patient’s right to choose, but believes that hospice care is a better choice than euthanasia or assisted suicide (Snyder, 2001). Despite the salient points made by the supporters of physician-assisted suicide, we should not forget that this process essentially negates the purpose of a doctor’s profession. The Hippocratic Oath, which dates back in the 400 B. C. E. states that â€Å"I will give no deadly medicine to anyone if asked, nor suggest any such counsel†. Not only that it is in clear opposition to the oath of their profession, it is also morally and ethically reprehensible. According to Somerville (2006), there are two major reasons why people should not allow euthanasia to be legalized. First reason is purely relying on principle that it is not right for one human to intentionally kill another (with the exception of justified self-defense cases, or in the defense of others). Somerville (2006) stated that the second reason is utilitarian, as legalizing physician-assisted death has harmful effects and risks to people and society. In fact, the harms and risks far outweigh any benefits of physician-assisted suicide. While Mak, Elwyn & Finlay (2006) reasoned that â€Å"most studies of euthanasia have been quantitative, focusing primarily on attitudes of healthcare professionals, relatives, and the public†. Most people perceive pain as the major reason for requesting euthanasia, while other factors that convince people to choose it are impairment of functions, dependency, being a big burden, being isolated to people, depression, losing hope, and losing autonomy or control. This is why, Mak, Elwyn & Finlay (2006) thought that legalizing euthanasia is a â€Å"premature† move when research evidence from the perspectives of those who desire euthanasia is not yet proven to be necessary. The researchers suggested that there needs to be additional qualitative patient-based studies in order to broaden the physician’s understanding of patients. They deemed that there should be the â€Å"inclusion of medical humanities, experiential learning, and reflective practice into medical education should help ensure doctors have better communication skills and attitudes†. Thus, doctors and healthcare professionals should focus in examining ways to improve cure and care at all levels so that they can trash out the â€Å"side effects of poor end of life care†. In this way, physician-assisted suicide would not be necessity anymore. In 1997, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not guarantee Americans a right to physician-assisted suicide and returned the issue to the state legislatures for continued debate. In its decision, the Court placed emphasis on the American tradition of condemning suicide and valuing human life. In its ruling, the Court made it clear that the states have a legitimate interest in banning physician-assisted suicide, but it also left it open to them to legalize the practice. As a result, the practice has been legalized in Oregon. Although the law is rather unequivocal in regard to the practice of active euthanasia, the court decisions have been quite ambiguous. This may be a proper stance for the law in that its adamant negative position provides a deterrent to all considerations of the practice and forces deliberation of the merits on a case-by-case basis. But under what circumstances is euthanasia justifiable? Is it permissible to kill the terminally ill? How about those who are not terminally ill but have only lost their appetite for life? Even if society decides that citizens have a right not only to life, liberty, and property but also to death, what part do health care practitioners play in this right? Would the role of physician who conducts euthanasia have a chilling effect on the medical profession? What law cannot answer, ethics and morality could provide the answers of what needs to be done by health professionals when faced with a difficult dilemma, such as physician-assisted suicide. As medical practitioners, medical code of ethics should not just become theoretical concepts, because ethics are important references in the application of one’s moral and value system to a career in health care. Ethics involves more than just â€Å"common sense†, which is an approach for making decisions that most people in society use. Ethics goes way beyond this: It requires a critical thinking approach that examines important considerations such as fairness for all consumers, the impact of the decision on society, and the future implications of the decision. In the end, as doctors, the central issue remains caring for the dignity of the patient, which involves respecting the patient’s wishes, protecting the integrity of the profession, and sparing the life of a person under all conditions which are generally understood to be extremely burdensome. Thus, all forms of physician-assisted suicide are ethically and morally reprehensible because it promotes intentional killing. This principle does not require the preservation of life at all costs, which is essentially the role of all physicians.

Adults and ICT Essay

Ajesh Mehta is a normal employee who works in a pharmaceutical warehouse. This basically means he puts the boxes filled with medicines in the right places and inputs the number of what they are and their details in Microsoft Excel on a computer that he has at his work. He then makes a report on that and gives it to his boss and the other staff members. He uses many technologies. I will list them below and explain how he uses some of those technologies and how it has affected his personal and working life. TECHNOLOGIES THAT AJESH MEHTA USE:   Mobile Phones   CD Rewriters   Personal Organiser Internet Laptop. Email   Digital T. V. Microsoft Excel He says these technologies are a main part of his life and without them he wouldn’t have been able to do his work and enjoy easily. Microsoft Excel Although Ajesh Mehta doesn’t use Microsoft Excel personally but he mainly uses Microsoft Excel for work to do his reports. He says that Excel helps him to put his reports in their correct places very easily. Excel is like a spreadsheet and it is already set up in boxes; and unlike word in which you have to make tables and set them up in the size you want, which takes quite a lot of time, excel has everything ready for you. Before he started to use Excel, he used to have a lot of problems in a lot of different things. For example he always had to use scientific calculator to do all his calculations. But now as excel can do that quickly, he does it very fast. It used to take him about an hour to do all the calculation out the whole amount of time that he took to do his report, but now it only probably takes about fifteen minutes, out of the whole time. As he used to use word, he also had to make lots of tables and set them up in proper sizes. It used to take him about four to five hours just to do a single report as he had to do all the other things to make it ready just so he can do his report. But now the tables are ready for them, which saves him a lot of time and he can do his report in about two hours now. In excel we can also change the size and the colour, and we can also change the font like in word. It can also help you do bar charts like other seawares but very quickly and with easy processes. So in short it has also got the facility to do what other softwares do and plus its own unique ability. Now that he has started using Microsoft Excel, he can do his work quicker and doesn’t have to waste time. Despite all these advantages of Microsoft Excel, there are also disadvantages to this software. For example, there are lots and lots of different facilities that cannot be used by most people. Many people don’t have much knowledge in maths so they do not know how to use those facilities and as you know, Microsoft Excel was especially made for mathematical calculations. It would be quite hard for the user because he/she won’t be able to do those calculations. Another one of the disadvantages is that he feels is that the whole of Microsoft Excel is set up in tables. Then you can only write a little amount in certain places. Although you can spread the cells/boxes, you cannot write like other softwares like Microsoft Word. Ajesh Mehta finds this very annoying as he can’t write paragraphs in Excel. But he can do this by making it suitable but he is unaware of that. Therefore he has to write those things in Word and then copy them into Excel which takes a lot of time. So basically, although he has saved himself a lot of time by using Excel, he still wastes his time on other things. Now that he can complete his work faster, he always feels like doing more and more work. That basically means there is always work present for him. CDs Rewriters CD Rewriters are softwares, which allow you to write CDs on your computers. If you have two CD drives then you put your original CD in you first drive and a blank CD in the second drive and follow the process and the CD will be copied. There can also be CD Rewriters for the computers that only have one CD drive. This type of CD Rewriters copy the original CD on your hard drive and the when you put the blank CD in the drive, it puts that information onto that CD. Ajesh Mehta uses this software very often. He normally puts all information that he need to share with the other staff, onto a CD and then makes copies of that CDs and gives them to his staff. He does this about three times a week. He says it is very useful. He also think it is better than photocopying them lots of time on paper and then giving them out because he thinks that most of the time, the paper is lost before it reaches the person it is meant to be given to. The paper can also be torn before it reaches or it can be tore while in use. But he thinks that if everyone has a copy of the CDs with him or her then he or she can just print it when they need it even in future. Also, it takes very long to print a lot of copies, as they don’t have a laser printer. He would also need a lot of ink to print them of. But if everyone has their own copies then they could print it from their own computers, whenever they want. They can also look at it when at home on their own computers if they want to. On more of his problems with using CD Rewriters is that his company uses a lot of money to buy lots of CDs just so they can give a copy of the work they need to give to the other members of the staff. Another problems he thinks is very important is that after copying a lot of copies of the original CD then the CD gets really scratched which then goes useless. His CD drive also get very used up after using it a lot and they have to change it about every year, which costs a lot of money as well. There can be other ways that he can do this. For example he can use a network so that every person in his staff can have access to that file whenever they want. He could also attach those files via Email and send them to their email addresses. Al this would save their company a lot of time and money. This technology has affected his working life a lot. It saves him time because he can just start copying and then sit and do his other work. Although by using this brilliant technology, he thinks their company wastes a lot of money on blank CDs. But he thinks that even though they use a lot of money on blank CDs, it is useful as it can be used any time in the future as well. But as I said before, email could be very useful to him. Personally he uses CD Rewriters in a very different manner and also in many different ways. Mostly he uses it to make audio CDs of new songs so he can listen to them in his car. He likes listening to new songs very much. He said that he makes new CDs about twice a month. But the disadvantage of this is that when a CD is copied and as it is not original, it gets scratched very easily. So I would suggest that he could just buy a CD with don’t get scratched or he could always listen to radio. As Ajesh Mehta is very fond of keeping his computer up to date and not let it go slow, he re-boots his computer about once every year. So to keep the work that he has saved on his computer, he puts all his work on a CD. For this he uses a CD Rewriter, which he says helps him out a lot as he cant lose his work as after you re-boot a computer you lose all the work on it. But another alternative choice could be that he gets a virus protector which wont let his computer go slow very easily and so he wont have to re-boot his computer once a year. This way he will save time, money and so he will only have to re-boot his computer about once every three years. This is how CD Rewriters have helped Ajesh Mehta quite a lot in his both, working and personal life although he could use other options. This technology hasn’t affected his working styles a lot. But this does help him to take his work home and anywhere else when he needs to. Email Ajesh Mehta has an email account in Yahoo and Hotmail. He has had these accounts for more than four years. Email allows him to do his work very quickly and he also stays in touch with his friends and family. He only uses email for one reason at his work. When he has finished his work, he has to email his boss to say him that the work that he set has been finished and that he is waiting for further instructions. His boss then emails him back and then he does his further work. The problem for him by using this technology is that if he sends an email, it sometimes doesn’t go as the server might be down or there can be many people on that specific website. So he has to wait quite a long time. Sometimes the problem happens that he boss is not online. Even though this hardly ever happens, but it does happen sometimes. He gets very annoyed with this. Sometimes the same thing happens to his boss as well. Only other alternative for this could be to use a Telephone. This would be quicker than email, so it would save him time and he won’t have to stop every time he finishes his work. Although it would cost him money, it would at least be quicker. Personally he uses email to be in touch with his friends and relative. Every once a week he mails his parents and brother to ask how they and their family are. He emails them and gets a reply the next day, which is quite faster than snail mail. Although he keeps in touch with them via email, I would say Telephone would be much better for them. He could call them and talk to them in seconds while for email he has to wait a day for them to reply and sometimes the emails don’t even get through. But the thing is that phoning those costs a lot of money, so even better than Telephone would be Messenger. This way he could chat to them, talk to them and even see them if he wants to. This technology has affected Ajesh Mehta’s life a lot. He says if these technologies won’t there, then he would have had to waste lots of money which he can’t afford and so he won’t have been able to talk to his parents and brother every week. This technology is a very important part of his life. This technology has also affected his working styles. By the help of this technology, he can now send his little work files through files because there is no real point of writing CDs when the files are very small and only he needs it. But the bad effect is that when he gets his work home, he feels like working at home so he doesn’t get any time to socialise. Also by working at home, he doesn’t get any help or equipment that he uses at work. So he wastes his time doing his office work at home and he still doesn’t finish his work how it is supposed to be finished.