Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology (9th Edition)

Exam 1 Review Guide (Introduction to An hinty, Chemistry, Cell) Note 90 % of the exam will fall out from this review guide. 10% will come from masteringaandp. com, the text or material covered in the vex and not posted on the lecture slides. Introduction to Anatomy What is the definition of anatomy? What is the definition of physiology? What is homeostasis? What argon the two ways in which homeostasis is maintained? What atomic number 18 the directional terms used to examine things in the body? o For example, what ar the medical terms for the pursuit? o Up/down o Right/left o Close/far Closer to the midline/farther from the midline o Same side/opposite side o Face up/face down o Etc. (maybe more) What ar the study(ip) cavities of the body? What are the planes of the body? What are the body regions? o For example, what are the medical terms for the following? o Arm o Forearm o Wrist o Hand o Fingers o Thumb o Elbow o Front of elbow o Point of elbow o Thigh o Knee o Kne e cap o Leg o Calf o Foot o Sole of foot o caput o Neck o Chest o Lungs o Heart o Groin o Pelvis (front) o Low back o Buttocks o Etc. (maybe more) What are the iv abdominal quadrants and what major organs are found in each quadrant? What are the levels of arrangement and what is the order? Chemistry What are the quatern major elements of the body? What are the lesser or fall out elements of the body? What are the trine subatomic particles and what charge do they carry? What is an isotope? What is the disagreeence betwixt an atom and an element? What are the three major types of chemical bonds? How do they differ? o Give examples for each. What three atoms are associated with hydrogen bonding? What are the two major types of chemical reactions? Do you make or use energy when you make a bond? Break a bond? What is the difference betwixt a catalyst and an enzyme? What is the major atom/element contained in organic compounds? What is an acid? What is a unintellect ual? What is pH the measure of? If aspirin is a weakly acidic drug, where is it most likely to be listless in the gastrointestinal tract? Why? Is lemon juice an example of an acid or a base? Is household chlorine an example of an acid or a base? What are the four major types of organic compounds? What are examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides? What are examples of lipids? What are examples of proteins? What are the building blocks of proteins? What do proteins contain that carbohydrates and lipids do not? What are the two major types of nucleic acids? What are the two major types of purines? What are the three major types of pyrimidines? Which purines are bonded to which pyrimidines? How many hydrogen bond hold them together? What is DNA? What is RNA? What are the nucleotides (chains of nucleic acids) represent of? What are the two major parts of metabolism? What are the high compounds which store energy? Cells What is the germ plasm membrane composed of? What is the intention of the plasma membrane? What are the two disparate types of plasma membrane proteins? What are the three functions of membrane proteins? Where are glycolipids only found? What are the three major types of membrane junctions? o What are their functions What is osmosis? What is diffusion? What are the two major types? What is active transport? What are the major types? What is endocytosis/exocytosis? What are the several(predicate) types of endocytosis? What is phagocytosis? What is pinocytosis? What is clathrin-mediated/receptor-mediated endocytosis? What is the cytoplasm? Cytosol? What are the major organelles of the cell? What are their functions? o For example, what is the function of the following organelles? o Mitochondria o Peroxisomes o Lysosomes o Edoplasmic reticulum ? Smooth ? Rough o Golgi apparatus o Cyto physique o Centrioles o Ribosomes o Etc. (Maybe more) What are cilia? What is the nucleus? What does it contain? What is chromatin? What is the cell bicycle? When is DNA replicated? What does the cell undergo cell division? What is mitosis? What are the phases of mitosis? What add ups during each phase? What is meiosis? How does it differ from mitosis? What are the phases of meiosis? What is transcription? From what to what? What is translation? From what to what? Tissues What makes up create from raw stuffs? What are the 4 contrary types of create from raw stuffs? What are the different types of epithelial tissues? How do you name the epithelial tissues? o Simple o Stratified o Pseudostratified o Transitional o Squamous o Cuboidal o Columnar o Etc. (look for more) Where are these epithelial tissues located? What are the major functions of each? What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands? Where do you father goblet cells? What is the function of goblet cells? What are the different types of exocrine glands? (Structures) What is the differenc e between merocrine and holocrine glands? What are the different types of connective tissues? o Loose o Areolar o Adipose o Reticular o Dense o Regular o Irregular o Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrous) o fig out (Osseous) o Blood What are their (above) functions and where are they found? What 3 structural elements make up connective tissue? What are the characteristics of nervous tissue? What are the 3 different types of muscle tissue? What the differences? What are the similarities? What are the characteristics for each? What happens in tissue repair? Skin Tissue What are the 3 major regions of the come up? What are the 4 cells of the epi dermis? What are their functions? What are the 4 or 5 works of the epidermis? Where do you find stratum lucidum? What is also called the basal layer? What is also called stratum germinativum? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the prickly layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the granula r layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the behave layer? o What do you find in this layer? What is also called the horny layer? o What do you find in this layer? Is the epidermis vascular? What are the 2 major divisions of the dermis? o What do you find in each layer? What do you find in the hypodermis or subcutaneous layer? What are the 3 pigments that contribute to skin color? What are the 4 different types of sweat glands? Where do you find each? What are sebaceous glands? Where do you find hair? o What is its function? o What is its bodily structure? o What is the hair follicle? What are the 2 different types of hair and when or where are they found? o What is alopecia and what are some ways to treat it? What are nails? o What is its structure? What are some of the functions of the integumentary system? What are the 3 major types of skin cancer? o What are the degrees of severity? o What is the most dangerous? o What is the ABCD rule? What a re provokes? o What is a first degree burn? Example? o What is a second degree burn? Example? o What is a third degree burn? Example? o What is the rule of NINES? Bone Tissue What type of tissue is cartilage? o Structure? Function? What makes up cartilage? o intellect substance? o Fibers? o Cells? What are the 3 different types of cartilage? o Where do you find each type? What are the different types of branch for cartilage and which direction do they occur? o Appositional o Interstitial Is cartilage vascular? What are the 2 major divisions of the skeleton? What are the 4 major shape classifications for dress up? What are some major functions of bone? What are the major bone markings and how are they described? o Tuberosity o Crest o Trochanter o Line o Tubercle o Epicondyle o Spine o Process Head o Facet o Condyle o Ramus o Meatus o Sinus o Fossa o transmission channel o Fissure o Foramen What is o Diaphysis? o Epiphysis? o Metaphysis? o Epiphyseal line? o Periosteum ? o Medullary cavity? Is bone vascular? What type of tissue is bone? o Structure? o Function? What makes up bone tissue? o Ground substance? o Fibers? o Cells? What types of bones contain spongy bone? What is the function of red bone marrow? o In infants? o In adults? What is the function of yellow bone marrow? What is the serviceable (or basic) unit of the bone? What are Haversian systems (or osteons)? What are o Lamella o Haversian (central) canals o Volkmanns canals o Canaliculi o Osteocytes o Osteogenic cells o Osteoblasts o Osteoclasts What do you find in lacunae? What is endochondral ossification and where does it occur? o What are the 5 stages? What is intramembranous ossification? Example? What are the functional zones in long bone growth? o What are the 3 zones? How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth before pubescence (and epiphyseal growth plate arrest)? How does growth hormone (GH) affect bone growth after puberty (and epiphyseal growth plate clo sure)? What are the two hormones released at puberty? o What type of closure occurs as a result? o What type of growth does this closure end? What is the difference between bone deposition and resorption? What is calcium used for? What is the function of calcitonin? o Where does it come from? What is the function of parathyroid hormone? o Where does it come from What is Wolffs law? Fractures? o Comminuted o Compression o Spiral o Epiphyseal o Depressed o Greenstick What are the stages of bone healing? What is o Osteomalacia o Rickets o Osteoporosis o Pagets disease