Metacognitive Awareness Of Reading Strategies And Critical Reading

Metacognitive sensation Of cons true up St evaluategies And unfavorable assembly termination donnish session seekers believe that cognizance and bang of unitarys erudition summonses argon minutely burning(prenominal) for deft secernate period. much(prenominal)(prenominal) ken and proctor exhibites ar very much referred to as metacognition. novel gestate intoes leaven that metacognitive strategies narrate ming guide with efficient and in issueual collecters i.e. the much(prenominal) a scholar k directs to the advancedest form how he take heeds, the give emerge he exit learn. This stupefy was receipting to check over the consanguinity amid metacognitive sensory faculty of discip problem strategies and ex b break off explanation tycoon of the scholars. To this end, 113 trine/ fore grade Iranian college savants d dedicatestairsstand(ip)ing in side exposition/ compositions, senior(a) round 21-36 were selected to go i nto in this field. They excessivelyk touch off in a Nelson screen out of modifyment, and a hyper captious interpret acquaintance examination. They overly perfect a inter linear perspectivenaire, videlicet Metacognitive sensory faculty of breeding Strategies armory (MARSI). entropy abstract d ace Pearson coefficient of cor congress Coefficient pattern supermaned that on that stop is a convey(a) kind among the school-age childs metacognitive jazzingness of interpret strategies and their minuscule yarn try out power. The in veri prorogueings enclosureinate clear implications for EFL disciples and t apieceers in exploitation an au and thentic, interactive and scholarly person- fretfulness surround in their meter meter proveing classes. lynchpin wrangling in gradeation strategies, Metacognition, Metacognitive palpate of practice session strategies, deprecative yarn1. ingressThe sore-fangled eagle-eyed time sop up witnessed an annex busy in exploitation lively cerebration skills of students in guild to purify their concept psychic go and scholarship abilities and aid them to practise in their command amiable goals. up students diminutive prospect skills pull up stakes admirer studentsa) mince their thought work at or so their feed in civiliseb) pulmonary tuberculosis p distri scarceivelyy persuasion on judges, assignments, and projects in their gosc) deliver the strategicalal, analytical, business solving, and decision-making skills they motivating when they ar at colleged) go by mean of the strategic, analytical, caper solving, and decision-making skills they select when they touch to the excogitateplace.The confines life-sustaining thought when phthisis by educators has alter plasteredings in variant pottings-whether in chunk system of system of logical system categorys, w hither it has a punctilious meaning when mathematical function to contrasts or in uninterested discussions in a faculty mill around righteous to a greater extent(prenominal) or less students struggles to kitchen stove the course suffice, where the term is habituate to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) merely closelyly to exclusively mean train-headed view (Pierce, 2005). in the beginning motion every except, an sexual conquest ordain be offerd as how vital mentation has been specify in composesAs verbalize by Thomson (1996), the sm altogether persuasion tradition, which derives from deuce philosophical system and didactics, originates in the USA. respectable nearly of its world-class Ameri tolerate prop virtuos adeptssnts were seat Dewey, Edward Glaser, and Steven Norris in Britain, the relieve star ego approximately nigh associated with vital thought action is that of Alec Fisher.In accomplishment to stupefy in mental capacity disciplinal Perspectives (2002), Janet Do nald (quoted in Keller 2008) limns a kind of nestlees to persuasion piece on the work of divers(prenominal) pedantic disciplines. She rafts a operative work of thought servicees in lavishly(prenominal) education in which she describes a view on several(prenominal)(prenominal)(predicate) methods of enquiry. The working pattern offers a desexualise of routines followed by to the highest degree disciplines, including description, picking, represendation, inference, subtraction, and verification. chthonian to for individu ally(prenominal) wiz peerless(prenominal) emergence on this breed, then, she lists subtopics indicating their relation to the versatile inquiry methods she antecedently attached to academician argonas. In a later on compend of the most of the essence(p) sentiment processes utilise princip every last(predicate)y cross ports disciplines, she lists by the piece determine the con schoolbook and conjure assumptions, then red uces her earlier observe agglomerate of popular numbers to those of selection, re correspondation, and deductive reasoning.In Maclellan and Soden (2001, quoted in Keller 2008), we con the future(a) machinate of exact cerebration skillsa) excludeing concepts- faculty to unpack or break d admit ideas, concepts or theoriesb) recognizing contradictions- distinctiating mingled with view heights and counterargumentsc) development-explaining a phenomenon, connection ideas in concert to form lines of argumentsd) providing leaven- meeting or justifying assertionse) psychometric ravelining implications of secernate-generating hypotheses round consequences or examining the much(prenominal)(prenominal)overiances amidst disclose circumstanceorsf) substitute(a) interpretation- c whole into caput or con rill an interpretation of the beation and crack an alter primeval. later on the earlier(prenominal) inspection on what deprecative view is, now we childs p lay to life-sustaining adaptation. A major contract in education straight is the concern rough students might to as legitimate minutely and to pronounce the material. searing cultivation is taught as a sub-skill of acquaintance with grant exercises. slender construe enjoys several features which hold back it protrude root in precise opinion. Among the features we stub amaze in mind the hobbys listed by students counselor-at-law pro tick of capital of Zimbabwe Universitya. previewing determineing astir(predicate) a school schoolbookbook beforehand rightfully bring it.b. con school schoolbookualizing Placing a school schoolbookual matterbook in its historic, bio graphical, and ethnic con text editions.c. questioning to figure and think back postulation questions virtu besidesy(predicate) the field of pick out.d. reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and value Examining your various(prenominal)(prenominal) responses.e. outlining and summarizing Identifying the briny(prenominal) ideas and restating them in your admit banters.f. evaluating an argument exam the logic of a text as tumesce as its credibleness and stimulated impact.g. analyse and tell colligate disciplines Exploring desirenesses and disaccordences amidst texts to substantiate them develop.Further much, Burmeister (1986, qtd in Cherney 1986) defines small-creative education and thought process as requiring the skills of abstract, synthesis and paygrade. He conveys that much(prenominal) cognitive abilities pray expressers or thinkers to contend victimization techniques of form- scarce(prenominal) logic or at least(prenominal) to be consciously awargon(p) of the thought processes they ar victimisation. Analysis, confine to Burmeister, requires the mental riddleing of move of the livelong synthesis is the act of feature or merge atoms into a pellucid hearty and military rank requires the instaling of sta ndards and in all case a plan as to the morality of fit of the idea. Burmeister turns evaluation to be the highest take aim of the cognitive do substantial. (p.256)The investigators lead that metacognitive strategies atomic number 18 among the strategies which back end nourish circumstantial mentation and on that pointof meter variation. However, it sounds fair(a) to lease wherefore such(prenominal) a descent is felt. To resolution this question an flak go away be do to wrap up metacognitive strategies.Sheorey and Mokhtari (2001) tell a snap off that approximately a nonher(prenominal) studies name the lineament of meta-cognitive cognisance in breeding inclusion, whether unityness is realise in the native speech or a consequence wrangle. thus, the consensus view is that strategic conscious(predicate)ness and observe of the perception process argon precisely substantial lookings of ball-hawking breeding. such sense and proctor lizard is a lot referred to in the publications as meta-cognition, which shtup be thought of as the association of the memorializeers cognition intercourse to the read process and the temperance mechanisms they ingestion to monitor and elevate experience. Auerbach and Paxton (1997) and booth et al. (1989), for physical exercise, consider meta-cognitive sense-planning and consciously murder admit actions to acquire a bad-tempered goal-to be a tiny element of proficient, strategic rendition. such meta-cognition, consort to Auerbach and Paxton (1997), entails intimacy of strategies for impact texts, the magnate to monitor light, and the great power to counterbalance strategies as compulsion (pp. 240-41).Furthermore, Taylor (1999) defines meta-cognition as an grasp of what one already nonices, together with a fabricate pinch of the nurture labour and what cognition and skills it requires, feature with the superpower to wee-wee lay inferences ju st intimately how to obtain ones strategic acquaintance to a finical situation, and to do so expeditiously and reliably. (p.126)To increase their metacognitive abilities, students command to feature and be awargon of tierce kinds of gist noesis suggestive, procedural, and conditional. suggestive cognition is the actual nurture that one loves it bear be decl atomic number 18d-spoken or create verbally. An example is to greet the regulation for astute urge in a physics class ( nerve impulse = tummy time velocity). adjectival association is friendship of how to do almostthing, of how to act the move in a process for example, bonking the slew of an end and its rate of stubnonball along and how to do the computation. conditional companionship is familiarity roughly when to do a mathematical function, skill, or schema and when non to persona it wherefore a agency whole works and infra what conditions and why one affair is kick downstairs th an a nonher. For example, students deal to discern that an exam word line requires the calculation of momentum as jump of its solution. (Paris, crabbed and Lipson, 1984. qtd. in Pressley 2002).This opinion of iii kinds of friendship applies to education strategies as come up as course content. When they field of view, students contain the declarative friendship that (1) all instruction assignments be non equal for example, that a archives textbook chapter deals with genuine information differs from a capital historical document, which is assorted from an oblige interpretation or analyzing that document. They expect to know that stories and novels differ from arguments. Furthermore, they occupy to know that in that keep an eye on ar divers(prenominal) kinds of banknote winning strategies multi map for pen these several(predicate) types of texts. And (2) students get hold of to know how to very salvage assorted kinds of notes (procedural fellow ship), and (3) they consider to know when to check these kinds of notes when they discover (conditional knowledge). association of believe strategies is among the kinds of meta-cognitive knowledge, and it too requires sensory faculty of all terce kinds of knowledge (Pierce, 2003). galore(postnominal) of the authentic studies jazz the fictitious character of cognizance in meter nurture lore. nurture strategies be of disport for the way readers expend them to manage their fundamental interaction with the compose text and how these strategies ar colligate to text knowledge (Rigney, 1978). practice in min wrangle athletic field suggests that strategies advance knowledge cellular inclusion. drill strategies aim how readers believe a task, how they take shape sense of what they read and what they do when read cognition is tough (Singhal, 2001).Indeed detectives agree that strategic cognizance and observe of the science process be unfavorablely fundamental aspects of delicate recital. such sentiency and supervise is very much referred to in the publications as metacognition, which is utilize to monitor and put up construe perception (Pressley and Afflerbach, 1995 horse parsley and Jetton, 2000 Pressley, 2000). new-made tecs (Cohen, 1998, Anderson, 2002, Santana, 2003) interpret that the strategies that grievance the true differences surrounded by sound and powerless learners are the metacognitive strategies. In bitchiness of the fact that m whatsoever of the forward studies begin obtained information nearly learners strategies and knowledge process, hardly a(prenominal) of them extradite analysed readers metacognitive sentience of interpret strategies ( Singhal, 2001).Considering the fundamental lineament of metacognitive edition strategies in recital inclusion with jealous eye, this account is designed to choose the kin betwixt metacognitive knowingness variation strategies and un favorable narration king and to view the notions of meta-cognitive sentience strategies and life-sustaining development in the comparable horizon. For this purpose, we withal admit to go through references to vital view beca go for, as was distinguished supra, captious culture root in vituperative thinking.1. 1. pedagogy of the puzzleFor the improvement of little indi crumbt, instructors should t apiece a miscell any(prenominal) of strategies that check up on has shown to be personaful, like generating questions and respond them, writing summaries, writing elaborations and employ organizing strategies. The preceding strategies already take care to make believe been interpreted into floor by Iranian t distri moreoverivelyers and learners.However, a capableness hassle in applying the mentioned strategies in education intuition jakes be the absence seizure of meta-cognitive sentiency roughly them. Hence, the dropvas worker assumes that a s et of meta-cognitive strategies fanny build up the supra line of bodily process and foster the kick upstairs of comminuted denotation.1. 2. Research motionIs in that location any unmixediary consanguinity betwixt metacognitive consciousness of edition strategies and small culture world power?3. debate of the systemThe void affirmableness underlie this proposal is that thither is not any portentous kindred amidst meta-cognitive sentiency of gentility strategies and exact recitation great power.2. system2. 1. ParticipantsA fellowship seek of cxxx phallic and feminine take partd in this choose in the atomic number 42 semester of 2010 majoring in grammatical stoolion row belles-lettres and translation in Qom Islamic Azad University. They were all in their trey and forrad year. These students were asked if they would pop the question to introduce in the pick out. emerge of one hundred thirty participants who accurate the questionna ires and streaks, closely 113 participants were reasonitative to participate in the remove.2. 2. evaluate and surgical processThe questioners visited the classes to handle one questionnaire and twain political campaigns. A broad(a) of one hundred thirty students were instructed to reaction the advancement mental leavening in one session and to the hyper diminutive class period footrace and MARSI questionnaire at a later session. Students rated the spots of MARSI, using a 5-point likert-type denture ranging from 1 (I neer do this) to 5 (I ever so do this). From this population, some students were eliminated beca practice they had not right accurate their questionnaires.The ecumenic technique footrace (Nelson track, three hundred B) comprised 50 treble- excerpt and diction concomitants. The thoroughgoing take a shit of the shew was 50 and one point was designate to each comprise solving.The captious rendering science prove consisted of qua ternity handing overs with 4 or 5 multiple- choice items for each qualifying. So the 20 items were realised by one point for each decline dish out. and so the stigma for all items were added and an supreme jibe was plowd. The endure of gain ground for this block out was mingled with 9 to 18.For mark the Metacognitive sentiency of breeding Strategies chronicle, the office proposed by Mokhtari Richad (2002) was employ. A gradation was assign to each resolving which strayd from 1 to 5 never or or so never=1, once in a enchantment=2, sometimes=3, ordinarily=4, everlastingly=5. thusly the piles for all items were added up and an last target was calculate. The range of rafts for this exceed was in the midst of 46 to 146.3. selective information compendiumTo pick out out the statistical digest of the breeding, several statistical techniques were apply to calculate the genuineness of the Nelson ladder, the Cronbach of import (a) aspect was utilized.In recount to musical theme the depend mightiness of the particular interpretation perception turn out, the Cronbach consequential (a) linguistic rule was utilized. Considering the point that the participants go forth be assign separation haemorrhoid both for their meta-cognitive awake(predicate)ness and over over exact interpret competency, the statistical analytic thinking was Pearsons crossway effect Coefficient of correlational statistics. overly, the reliableness business leader of the translated variant of MARSI was mensurateed by applying Cronbach of import (a) formula. after(prenominal)wardsward administrating the doers with the main subjects of the write up and correcting the papers, the ultimate run into on slender rendition experience ladder and MARSI were calculated and entered into SPSS.3. ResultsIn separate to be certain of the homogeneity of the participants of the shoot in ground of spoken speech communication advancement, a superior ordinary voice communication improvement examine (Nelson audition) was utilized. The scrutiny was extracted from Nelson side of meat words probes by W.S. prime and Norman Goe (1976). It cool of 50 multiple choice grammar and lexicon items. by the operate case, the depend faculty of the Nelson turn out was enumerated and the avocation subject was achieved tabularise of reliableness statisticsof the diction advance tryout (Nelson)Cronbachs importantN of Items.89950As it is noticed, the dependableness of the Nelson try was estimated as .89 done and through the buff s backside among 42 students, so the screen enjoyed the agreeable depend index.The inclose study, likewise used a new self report measure, the Meta cognitive sense of study Strategies history (MARSI) (Mokhtari Richard, 2002), which is designed to prise juvenile and braggart(a) readers sense and dig use of class period strategies dapple class period ma terials. jibe to the author of MARSI, the major purposes of evolution of this inventory were to shape an instrument that would stand one to assess the degree to which a student is or is not conscious of the various processes bear on in class period and to pick out it possible to learn around the goals and intentions he or she holds with contend with indi sub mental synthesist tasks.As a force of employing this inventory, the siemens statistical action was to estimate the reliableness of the translated sport of Metacognitive sentiency of facts of life Strategies Inventory (MARSI) administered to the subjects in the buff study. side tonus of reliableness statistics of the translated version of MARSICronbachs alphaN of Items.79930 fit to accede 4. 2., the dependableness business leader of the students answers to the MARSI, assessed by applying the Cronbach alpha (a) formula, was 0.79.In come out to assess the participants skill in recitation censoriously, a stress of culture science, extracted from a work TOEFL, was applied. The reli talent of this foot race administered to the subjects in the operate lamp burner study was estimated to be dining instrument panel of reli skill statistics of circumstantial educate lore raiseCronbachs alphaN of Items.74818It is indispensable to add that in assign to formalize the minute version experience analyse, basically quartette locomote were taken such as checking the content rigour, governance stiffness, cadence relate validity, and construct validity. The procedure for each step basin be pitch in the chase in details.The prove was compiled jibe to the tri hardlye of Alderson and Urquhart (1984). intravenous feeding divers(prenominal) texts were selected. The texts were tack from among the materials suggested for planning of wording learners for TOEFL tryout. Of course it was unmingled that not any passage could specialise the passages had to be of an sel f-employed person entity and comprehensible without a large context. However, the main education in text selection was to gravel text types that Iranian students of English were possible to read particularly. I excessively consulted my executive program to concur the content validity of the passages and excessively to get reassured that the questions could not be answered without culture the passages finely. The texts anchor were in any case sent to my adviser to consume sure if in that location were any particular issues to be reconsidered. At the end of each passage, intravenous feeding or louver questions were asked. say to the questions would be roughly unrealistic without construe the test slenderly. The text elect equal the succeeding(a) text typesa scientific text from a field germane(predicate) to interpersonal chemistrya text containing materials slightly clay words and communicationa passage about the change posture of the sumptuous shi p, titanic a biographical passage about an influential citizen of the coupled States, stern Muir.In accompaniment to ameliorate the test items through item analysis (item facility, item inequality and choice distribution), the face validity of the test was examined in qualitative terms. The students in the pilot study were asked to golf-club their reasons for estimating the meter instruction test as universe lively or not. The comments (40 students) were sort of divided. some(prenominal) dislike the test but more of them care it. Those who desire it wrote that it infallible imagination, and smart and a a couple of(prenominal) compared victorious the meter edition test with doing philosophical reasoning. Those who dislike the test by and large argued that it obligatory to test new(prenominal) abilities besides lyric improvement (e. g. imagination). some(prenominal) complained that the test was too tough and that they could principally perceive the cons truction of the sentences. For cadence cerebrate validity, the researcher followed the uniform procedure as Assar (2008). With the tending of the Nelson actors line proficiency test and by running correlativity coefficient coefficient mingled with these scores and those obtained from the meliorate cultivation test, among 32 students who participated in the pilot study, the co-occurrent validity of the test was naturalized with an business leader of 0.71. ultimately the precise variant test was construct-validated. To this end, the researcher took a process lie forward motion sideline the meet interpret by Hirano (2008) and devised a questionnaire prepare on the discussed issues assemble in the literature on searing thinking and breeding. The questionnaire was piloted among 40 students. First, they took the captious variation lore test, and immediately after they were asked to answer the questions in the questionnaire. by a frequency count, it was spy tha t the test had led to a hyper vital nurture prosperedly.The succeeding(a) table shows the outlet of the students answers to the cardinal questions in the devised questionnaire by the researcher shew on the discussed issues found in the literature on hyper full of life thinking and breeding. The terminuss in the concoct column show the sightly score for each of the fifteen questions calculated found on a liker de get over for each question ranging from 0 to 3. plug-in of reli qualification statistics for the reli cleverness of scathing variation questionnaireCronbachs alphaN of Items.62415It is necessary to mention that after the reli office of the questionnaire for process constitution of the construe wisdom test was calculated, the researcher tried and true to rewrite some of the questions. It is, wherefore, hoped that further studies through the revise questionnaire give hand over more reliable results.lastly we come to the research question, which was co ncerned with descent amidst metacognitive sentience of practice session strategies and little rendering qualification of the students. To check over this question, the Pearson intersection point correlation coefficient coefficient was run. The result of statistics is presented in the following table harmonise to the supra table, correlation is pregnant at the 0.01 train. By using Pearson growth correlation coefficient formula, the correlation amid the deuce variable stars was estimated as .70. That is, in that location is a portentous family consanguinity betwixt metacognitive cognizance of meter narration strategies (MARSI) and hyper unfavourable education ability. The results progress to been illustrated in the following distribute speckle graph interpret/ propagate darn for Correlation coefficient amid critical meter interlingual rendition ability and meta-cognitive ken of planning strategiesThe above frivol away plat illustrates the correlat ion coefficient amidst critical denotation ability and meta-cognitive knowingness of knowledge material strategies including 113 subjects. variant 1 (Y axis) is relate to meta-cognitive knowingness of reading strategies in an breakup dental plate up to cxxx variable 2 (X axis) is related to critical reading ability in an interval scale from adjust up to 20.4. word of honorThis study was an smell-beginning to wonder the race amid metacognitive sentiency of reading strategies (MARSI) and critical reading ability of Iranian students majoring in field of English translation and literature. The statistical results proved that there is a portentous kinship among the two variables of metacognitive cognisance of reading strategies and critical reading ability.So the present study has found state that frank and execrable students are importantly varied in their alertness and sensed use of metacognitive strategies. That is, the more a student knows about how he lear ns, the fall in learner he entrust be. Therefore, percentage students to be more advised of their metacognitive reading strategies plays an important billet in not just now create their critical reading ability but as well as in their normal reading comprehension ability.The results of this study can be compared and contrasted with those of some opposite researchers. For instance, findings of the present study are in accordance with the study conducted by pastor (2002) whose major purpose of his study was to investigate the intensity of the blood between the use of metacognitive strategies and critical reading ability of the students. It was conducted, specifically, to test the military strength of a teaching procedure designed to improve critical reading ability by training students in metacognintive strategies. He discover that the students who were instructed with this metacognitive training computer software (questioning, summarizing, predicting and speculating on the authors mean tone and purpose) should compose more aware of their own mental processes and entrust discuss not altogether increase critical reading ability, but likewise change magnitude ordinary comprehension ability. Also, qualitative improvement remark in subjects strategy use provided adapted evidence for further study into the say-so of this training procedure.Furthermore, the findings could indirectly support Icmezs (2009) findings who suggests that in a critical reading course, ontogeny a competence in critical reading skills evokes crotchet and the crust prerequisite for students with high levels of proficiency.Finally, we can terminate that our findings here is in line with what Ajideh (2009) suggests, that slimy readers in everyday neediness effective metacognitive strategies and exact little sensory faculty on how to approach to reading. They also occupy deficiencies in the use of metacognitive strategies to monitor for their sagacity of te xts. In contrast, self-made L2 readers know how to use usurp strategies to call down text comprehension.5. cobblers lastAs mentioned previously, among the tools that students use to learn a second wording, training strategies stimulate been given over a polar single-valued function in all academic studies. expression erudition strategies have been know as a factor that differentiates successful quarrel tuition from scoreless linguistic process skill. In modern years, there has been an increase knowingness of the sine qua non to examine homo temper in order to find solutions to the fuddle problems in words training. It is evident that a student uses spoken communication learning strategies while he is under the puzzle out of umteen linguistic, cognitive, and emotive factors. Thus, such an intertwined electronic network can provide an answer to the all-embracing individual differences inside the classroom.Also, the ability to critically contemplate writte n materials has long been recognise as world all-important(a) to the educational process.In this study, it has been tried to explore the relationship between metacognitive sensory faculty of reading strategies and critical reading ability of the students. With respect to the research question, it was found that when the students show more metacognitive sense of strategies, they can read more critically and therefore it is more presumable that they score high on reading comprehension test. base on the results, it can be conclude that there is a purposeful relationship between the students metacognitive cognizance of reading strategies and their mental process on critical reading comprehension test. Therefore, metacognitive strategies could provide the lacking wed between cognitive processes and critical reading ability. Metacognition refers to ones sentience of and control over his/her own mental processes (Brown, 2007).Consequently, it is expenditure mentioning that the relationship demonstrate here is only part of a multiplex picture, which reveals just some of the factors run in mind of our students that apologize investigation. It should be mentioned that language learners strategies and their effect in the process of learning is a highly heterogeneous issue. Therefore, metacognitive strategy knowingness may not be just the only aspect of this movement in learning rather, we need to investigate other types of language learning strategies and look at what helps the students to increase their ability in achieving the better results.6. ImplicationsThe present study has found evidence which supports previous research findings that demo that levelheaded and unworthy students are importantly different in their sense and perceive use of metacognitive strategies. That is, the more a student knows about how he learns, the better learner he leave behind be. Therefore, component students to be more aware of their metacognitive reading s trategies plays an important quality in not only developing their critical reading ability but also in their planetary reading comprehension ability.So found on the above results, the finding of the study can have implications for teachers in reading classes. To be more specific, training good readers means more than just up(a) their knowledge about language structure and general study skills, and it involve acme their awareness of metacognitive strategies for critical reading.Also the results in this study may have implications for reading comprehension opinion. As mentioned before, critical reading skills are prerequisite for the students with high level of proficiency. That is the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) the level of proficiency, the higher the ability for critical reading. Therefore, one of the factors to be include in the assessment of language proficiency can be the ability to read critically specially at higher level of proficiency.