Compare the portrayal of Clytaemnestra in both Aeschylus Essay Example for Free

Compare the portrait of Clytaemnestra in both Aeschylus EssayCompare the portrayal of Clytaemnestra in both Aeschylus Agamemnon and Euripides Electra. Which portrayal do you think is more effective and why?The personality of Clytaemnestra is portrayed in truth differently in both Aeschylus Agamemnon and Euripides Electra. In Agamemnon, we gibe a very strong female ruler, who is completely absorbed by her passion for vengeance, whereas the figure in Electra is farthermost more maternal, and shows a concern for her family and reputation, which was not apparent in Aeschylus tend. This subdued version of Clytaemnestra shows a stark contrast to the fierce and dominant display case in Agamemnon, however both characters remain fascinating for different reasons. The Clytaemnestra of Agamemnon seems to be fearless of retribution, with an infallible belief in her own righteousness I have no fear that his avengers tread shall shake this ho physical exercise. In Electra, however, we se e a very different character, humbled over the years, and afraid of Orestes, Im terrifiedthey say he is full of anger for his fathers death. These different re carry throughs to the same topic emphasise how greatly the character of Clytaemnestra differs in each bend, from the meek and subdued housewife of Electra, to the self-assured and confident murderess of Agamemnon.One explanation for the changes in character of Clytaemnestra in these plays is the quantifyscale in which they are set. The events in Electra happen several years after those in Agamemnon, and the more mature and calmer Clytaemnestra we see portrayed in Euripides play could be due to the effect of time on her, and the fact that she has had several years in which to reflect upon her actions and realise the full extent of the crimes that she committed against her husband. In Electra, Clytaemnestra states how bitterly I regret it this instant with regards to the murder she has committed, showing that she has indeed been thinking about the events of the past and repents her actions.This Clytaemnestra is very subdued in comparison to the character portrayed by Aeschylus, and although we can see some evidence of the passion and raw energy that made the character so fascinating in Agamemnon, for instance when she attempts to justify her murder of Agamemnon to her daughter why should he not die? it is clear in Electra that Clytaemnestra is to take second stage to her daughter in regards to unhindered fury and a lust for vengeance. This older, wiser Clytaemnestra notwithstanding remains crucial to the plot, but not as a central character, and is merely a shadow of her former self, the confident, powerful creature who dictated the action of Aeschylus play.The style of the two playwrights is a notable difference in the two plays, and the representation of Clytaemnestra varies greatly due to this. Euripides, the more modern o the two tragedists, tended to use sophistic arguments to confound the audien ces expectations of a character. With Clytaemnestra, for instance, he decided to move away from her monstrous image the audience would have expected after plays such as Agamemnon, and instead portrayed her as a gentler, maternal figure. This technique was enhanced by the fact that we do not see Clytaemnestra until the second half of the play only hear about her from Electra. The image portrayed by this character is similar to the one portrayed in Agamemnon, so much so as the audience can wonder whether Euripides is intentionally imitationing this version of events, as he had done earlier in the play with the recognition scene, a clear parody of The Libation Bearers. Aeschylus, a far more traditional playwright, portrays Clytaemnestra in her classic style, as the murderess of her own husband.This portrayal is, however, somewhat sympathetic towards Clytaemnestra, and we can feel some favor towards her, although this does not excuse her actions. Aeschylus gave the audience a clear mo ral standpoint in his tragedies, and they are aware through both the use of the chorus, and the play itself, whose locating to be on, from a moral perspective. Euripides on the other hand, tended to be deliberately ambiguous, and his treatment of Clytaemnestra is typical of this. The two sides of the woman that are exposed in this play the ruthless killer of Agamemnon, as seen through the eyes of Electra, and the reformed wife of Aegisthus, as is later portrayed. This use of sophistic techniques in order to confound the audiences expectations is commons in the plays of Euripides, and is particularly effective in this portrayal of such a fascinating woman.The fact that Clytaemnestra is the central character in Agamemnon yet only plays a small part in Euripides Electra also accounts for several differences in her character. The Clytaemnestra in Agamemnon appears almost constantly throughout the play, and through this we can see the development of her character from the strong wife l ooking after her husbands estate whilst he is at war Our king and leader absentour duty pays his due observance to his wife, to the violent kept woman who murders her husband without remorse at the end of the play caught by the ruthless falsehood of a wife. Aeschylus is able to develop his character over a far greater stretch of time than Euripides as, in Electra, Clytaemnestra only appears in one scene.The fact that Clytaemnestra is the main protagonist in Agamemnon allows us to examine her character to a far greater extent, enabling us to see how obsessed she has become with the idea of vengeance, and the murder of her husband His death the work of my right hand, whose craftsmanship umpire acknowledges. In Electra, the character of Clytaemnestra is not given as much time to develop, and we have to make assumptions on her based on the short dialogue among her and Electra.

British Muslims: Mental Health Stigma and Counselling

British Moslems Mental Health Stigma and CounsellingExplore psychical health stigma and scholarship of counselling amongst British Muslims.IntroductionMental health stigma is an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed especi onlyy amongst non mount up groups. Statistics show that i in four people willing experience a intellectual health problem in the course of a year ( amiable health make upation 2015). The government has initiated to tackle rational health stigma that hold opens people from admissioning psychological work (Burstow 2011).Over the past decade the Muslim federation has been portrayed negatively especially through the media, and this has had a pro build affect on Muslims mental health. The purpose of this re lookup is to explore mental health stigma and cognition of counselling amongst Muslims in the UK, My interest in this query emerged from my own personal experience of living in a Muslim family where mental health is seen as an alien concept and counselling is seen waste of time. After experiencing a nearly family member suffering from depression and when come aboutn the choice of counselling chose to decline this, as they would rather take medication then be labelled as crazy. A growing population of 2.7 million Muslims in the UK (Census 2011) I heart that it is clamant to explore what types of mental health stigma exists in the Muslim companionship and their billets on counselling in order to address them.Search strategyTo search for articles I apply SOLAR, selecting selective informationbases, which included Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and MEDLINE (Ovid). I did this so that the article that filtered through were relating to counselling, psychology, psychotherapy and mental health. The anchor basis that I use firstly was counselling, and this was grouped into four subgroups using the OR which contained counseling, OR psychotherapy, OR therapy, OR psychological services. This brought up a result of 874.207, w hich was a really heavy(p) result, but I felt this was needed to be done as counselling maybe worded antithetic in investigate articles. I used key destinations such as mental health, stigma, Muslims and perception all with sub groups (see appendix 1)Finally, I joined all the key terms and sub groups together using AND which brought the number of articles generated plenty to 604. I mixed some of the sub groups together to find variety of results because when I added all 6 categories together my results became very(prenominal) limited so in that locationfore to broadened my research I took out twain categories and I felt this gave me access to variety of research articles. Limitations overly included all my articles needed to be peer re postureed, this was to ensure standard and quality of the articles were examined by other people in the same field to ensure the publication has a meets certain level of excellence. I as well as limited the publication dates from 2005 up to 2014 to generate current articles I open up that lots of articles that had very close connecter to my suspicion had to be excluded due to the publication date macrocosm before 2005. This offset finally reduced the articles to 91 from which four articles were selected (see appendix two). I piece some articles that related directly to my question but were mostly conducted outside the UK so only one article was selected because it felt necessary to look at research done in the UK considering my title involved British Muslims. The article selected from the the States was chosen because there did not seem to be any research conducted in the UK therefore was a gap to explore.In relation to my question I felt my 5th article Rethink (2007), Our voice The Pakistani communities muckle on mental health and mental services in Birmingham, was very relevant to utilize in my review as it provided an insight to what I was inquisitive for. However the only down side to finding this art icles was that it was not fix using the above research strategy, as I read a source of this reckon through another article and I could not find it on EBSCO, therefore I used Google to find it.SummeryThe articles will be judged the on the regularityology used to conduct the research and focus on the findings relating to perception of counselling and mental health stigma.A register conducted by Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) looked at Muslims view on mental health and psychotherapy. The aim of the research was to look at the Muslim populations perception of mental health and their understanding of how mental discommode see by an individual can be addressed. This was a qualitative depicted object where 14 Muslim tell aparticipants were interviewed using semi structured interviews and data was analysed thematically. Lancaster set of Health Research ethics committee ethically approved this sketch. There were seven women and seven male aged surrounded by 28-77 who were recruit ed through local Muslim organisations and electronic mailing.One of the main social welfares of this occupy was that it provided a good insight to Muslims understanding on mental health by using open questions allowing the participants to transport their views on mental health in-depth. The finding that related to my question was that there was a fear of stereotyping, feeling stigmatised, embarrassed and ashamed, they found that mental distress was a penalisation from matinee idol, cause of witchcraft/jinn and medicate taking. Participants there was no need for a therapist as you could talk to your family or friends. Mental sickness was seen as a test from Allah and it was managed through praying to god and if you had a strong faith then therapy was not needed. For a question, looking at Muslim populations views the judge distribution was very small even though it provided rich data it was limited as it was not enough to represent Muslim populations view.The sample overly included two students and two staff members and a couple who were interviewed together, this makes the sample less representative and preconceived opinioned. Data check would sop up been useful as two researchers were non- Muslims therefore this may have had an affect on how they interpreted the Reponses and by data checking they could have validated their findings. The researchers recommendation for further research was a very useful, as by exploring the views of Muslims who have accessed mental health services would have gave the occupy a bigger picture, as the focus on therapeutic help was neglected in the cogitation as only three participants had a view on this.Another similar matter conducted by Rethink (2007) Our Voice the Pakistani communitys view on mental health and mental health services in Birmingham commissioned by UCLAN (University of Central Lancashire) and CSIP (Care Services Improvement Partnership). This aim was to investigate the view of the Pakistani communit ies on mental health issues and how they would want support in regards to their mental health needs. This study was a qualitative study conducted by 11 community researchers who conducted focus groups and interviews with a very large sample of 152 service users, this study utilized decimal approach by distributing 30 postal surveys to mental health service providers in Birmingham and receiving seven responses. Rethinks research department and UCLAN ethically approved the study.This study found similar findings to Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) they found that 83% wanted to hold any mental health illnesses a secret, and 76% were ashamed of it, 58% fear of stigma. They also found religious beliefs affected their perception on mental health as they felt it was caused by jinns, voices from god and found that culture and language barriers can get in the way people from accessing mental health services.One of the benefits to this study compared to above is that this study was conduced i n different languages so therefore this was accessible to people who could not participate because of language barrier. Another benefit of this study compared to the Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study was the sample size as they had a larger sample 152 compared to 14 participants in Weatherhead Daiches (2010) study. However, Rethink (2007) even with a big sample it could be argued that it was a limited study which only focused on Pakistani Muslims in Birmingham whereas Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study had a small sample of participants but from different nationalities . However, both studies failed to consider demographic area such as different ethnicities and different locations that could have provided a more in-depth representation of British Muslims perception.The one of the recommendations from the study that stood out and was missed in the first study was the suggestion of working closely with religious leaders such as imams, it felt in both studies religious influence w as a huge factor yet both studies failed to get the perception of imams on mental health. It was also relevant to my research as this project highlighted the mental health stigma issues that are current in the Pakistani Muslim community in Britain however, I felt that no emphasis was given on perception of counselling and I feel this was a gap in the research.Another similar study to Rethink (2007) was a study conducted by Shoaib and Peel (2006) which looks at Kashmiri womens perception of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. This like Rethink (2007) study used both qualitative and numeric method to analyse data, the sample was of 45 Kashmiri women aged between 18- 45 living in Oldham, from whom 19 were born in the UK. A questionnaire was administrated and data was collected in an interview by a researcher that was also Kashmiri and spoke the same language as the participants, this was one of the strength of the study as this eliminated language barr iers. This study explored six areas in 21 questions understanding of mental illness, issues that cause distress, coping mechanism, awareness of support, expression and description of feeling (Shoaib and Peel, (2006). The intellectual this article was selected because the 6th area looked at perceptions and understanding of counselling that was relevant to my question.The findings were very similar to the above studies, the study found that women feared of shame (izzat) affecting their family and being stigmatised. It was found that talking to a specialist was an option but fears of confidentiality breaking, lack of cultural awareness from the captain and that it will not improve the situation was a barrier therefore they referred to their faith for healing.This study like the other two provided a good insight to views of mental health stigma but also provided a glimpse into the perceptions of counselling which the other two studies failed to do. There are few demarcations, the pot ential source of bias would be the use of the snowball method in recruiting 35 participants, who were recommended through previous interviewees, and therefore there is a possibility that subjects shared the same traits and character. Another limitation is the research may be flawed by the inexperience of the researcher who at the time of the research worked as a welfare officer. Changes need to be made to the enlisting process in order to get a more representative sample.Two others studies which explored factors influencing attitudes towards seeking help within the mental health services where reviewed. The first study I looked at was by Soorkia et al (2011) which explored Factors influencing attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help among South Asiatic students in Britain. This study looked at the link attitudes towards psychological help seeking, following cultural values, salience of ethnic identity and cultural mistrust (Soorkia et al, 2011) .this study was rele vant because it looked at attitudes towards seeking help and this relates to my question of perception of counseling and mental health stigma. A quantitative approach utilized where 148 participants completed a survey of which 81 were women and 67 men all participants were British. The sample covered Pakistani, Indian, Bangladeshi and 30% were other. Participants were recruited though public spaces directly and sign up sheets were posted in campuses in different locations. Questionnaires where given out on paper and participants returned the questionnaire in a sealed envelope to researcher (Soorkia et al, 2011). Priory power analysis, SPSS and ANOVAs was used for statistical analysis, as these were the most affective to see the difference between gender, ethnicity and also to compare similarities (Soorkia et al, 2011).It was found that the ethnic minorities had a negative attitude towards seeking psychological health, and factors such as cultural values and mistrust as this was rela ted to stigma and shame associated mental illnesses. it found that people that were mistrustful of whites held a greater negative attitudes to help seeking. Asian values bestowed a real part in peoples attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH), (Soorkia et al, 2011). The more significant the values were the more it played a negative part in ATSPPH. The study also found that women were more open to getting help than men and this maybe due masculinity being dominant there negatively affecting the way men see health related issues. It seems that this could be explored in more depth to see what the underlying issues are that prevent men in seeking help compared to women. However the limitation to the comparison between genders was that this could not be representative as there was not an passable number between both genders. Sample size was small therefore, it did not represent south Asian students across the country. It feels that even though participants re ligion was famous that the study failed to explore if religion played a part in help seeking. It seemed like the study could have looked at what the cultural factors were or the Asian values in order to understand the barriers to combat. It seems like this study was s stepping stone to see what the factors where but a qualitative approach will give this study more depth.The second study I looked at was very similar to the first study and it was by Hamid, Furnham (2013) which looked Factors affecting attitude towards seeking professional help for mental illness a UK Arab perspective. This research like the above was also quantitative where online questionnaires were used the sample size was 204 participants from which 104 were British Caucasians and 100 Arab.This study looked at various factors affecting attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH). Some of the hypothesis was that Arabs compared to Caucasians will be less positive to ATSPPH and arabs sample wil l have higher score in supernatural causes, shame focused attitudes will be significant predictors of ATSPPH , females more positive than males in ATSPPH and Muslims will have less positive than other religion (Hamid, , Furnham 2013). To analyze the data a discriminative analysis was utilized with ethnicity being the dependant variable between British Caucasian and Arabs, using discriminative analysis was a benefit as it reduced mistake rates (Falkenberg, 2005). To examine differences between British Caucasians and Arabs same as the previous study ANOVA was used( Hamid, , Furnham 2013).The study found that Arabs were less positive to ATSPPH than British Caucasian as the study predict ed , it was also found that age, level of education and experience of metal played a positive utilization to ATSPPH (Hamid, Furnham 2013) . It also found that Arabs had strongest supernatural casual beliefs about mental illness than British Caucasians. Unlike the above study this research found that ge nder was not a significant predictor, however it was similar to the other study in the sense that there was also not an equal number of males and females as in this study 69% were females. Shame was not seen as a significant predictor to ATSPPH that is opposite to the finding in the above studies. This maybe connected to the fact that Arab participants had migrated to uk and therefore far from family so they did not have to protect their reward or family (Hamid, Furnham 2013). One of the limitations to this study was that the questionnaire was done in English and therefore only targeted an audience where participants had some form of education, therefore it does not represent the Arab community who do not speak or understand English making it bias and limiting its response rate.I then looked at a quantitative study by Pilkington et al (2010) which explore factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of south Asian origin. Second study by Ali et al (2005) looking at the Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Both studies used self-report questionnaires.The study by Pilkington et al (2010) Hypothesised that the level of shame/izzat related with mental health would predict the intention to access psychological services, the barrier was already identified compared to the above studies. This study was relevant because it looked at British Muslims, which relates to my area of proposed research and explored mental health and barriers that related to stigma. The Identified factors that may affect intention to access psychological services were religious beliefs, biological /social environment beliefs about mental health problems, the causes and shame/izzat. Another large sample of 94 participants recruited through seven Muslim communities centres. A self-report questionnaire was developed using measures that were already tested making this a strength as it was easy to correlate t he findings and therefore strong statistic were produced. Psychological openness and help seeking prosperity was measured using Inventory of attitudes towards seeking mental health services (IASMHS Mackenzie et al 2004). Shame/izzat on intention influencing the access of psychological services was measured using the Attitudes Toward Mental Health Scale (ATMHP Gilbert et al 2007).The study found that the higher level of shame/izzat experienced the less likely psychological service was accessed. The study like the other studies above found views were influenced by religious beliefs, mental illness was a punishment from god, shame to the individual and the family and less knowledge about mental illness because of lack of education(Pilkington et al, 2010). The limitation to this study was that there might have been a bias to the recruitment process, as the questionnaires designed was for people of higher education level therefore resulting in a low response (Pilkington et al 2010). Ano ther limitation was that participants were recruited through Islamic communitys centres, therefore they may have been more religiously inclined then others who are Muslims but not as religious, this limits the experiences and results. I feel this was gap to where the level of religious commitment could have been measured to get effective results.I then looked at two studies that focused on the role of imams in regards to mental health. The first study by Ali et al (2005) explores what the role of imams and Islamic clergy is in meeting counselling needs, the reason I chose this was because I found that all the studies that I have reviewed failed to consider the views of Islamic clergy on mental health and counselling and how they support the Muslim community. A questionnaire was mailed to 730 mosques around USA however the response rate was low as only 8% responses received. Data was analysis measured by Likert scale, demographic areas were considered such as ethinicty, age and regio n, and consent was gained. This study found that imams played a key role in supporting the Muslim community with mental health issues relating to stress, discrimination, anxiety and financial problems. It also found that imam has had little or none training in counselling to help people who came to them for mental health problems. The limitation to this study like the above study is that the questionnaire was in English and not all participants or imams are literate in English, therefore weakening the study. I found the recommendation from the researchers is valid that a further research is needed to explore the role of imams in assisting with mental health issues.The second study by Abu-Ras et al (2008) explored The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community. the reason this study was chosen because this provided an insight to not only the imams role but also what the worshippers attitude towards mental health services before 9/1 1 and after 9/11 (Abu-Ras et al 2008). A survey of 22 imams and 102 worshippers from 22 mosques in New York city was conducted, researchers chose a face-to-face interview method with mostly close ended questions.The questionnaire for the imams explored what type of issues worshippers came with for guidance, and what method were used to assist worshippers resolve their issues. The questionnaires for worshipers looked at the role of the imam perceived by worshippers, types of counselling sought at mosque, if the imam was effectively addressing their issues. It also asked the affects of 9/11 to their personal lives and finally worshippers perception on attitudes towards western psychology, mental health and if they have any experience with the mental care system (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). For analysis, Univariate and bivariate analyses were used for descriptive statistics for both imams and worshippers. The t test and chi-square tests were applied to discover any large differences between gender, age, time in education, income, immigration status, marital status, and language skills (Abu-Ras et al, 2008).The study found that imams are usually the primary and sometimes the only contact for help with mental health issues. It was also found that the imams were foreign born and English was not their first language and they struggled with their English and No training was provided and they had little knowledge on mental health issues, which then prevented them from referring worshippers to mental health services (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). This was very similar to the finding of the above study were the imams had the same issues of language barrier and little or no knowledge on mental health. The study also found that 9/11 had a negative affect on worshippers lives this included their self as well their families. It also found that 84% of worshippers believed that people with mental illness were possessed by the devil and 95% believed that this was test from their faith (Abu-R as et al, 2008).The limitation to this study was that data was only limited to New York so it did not represent other Muslims in the USA, same as the above study the questionnaire was conducted in English, and imams had barrier with English so it brings up the issues of reliability . The benefit of this study was that it found that imams do play a vital role within the Muslim community in New York especially when it came to personal and mental health issues and that they were also welcomed support and training in regards to mental health. The researchers recommendation was very prompt that the mental health services need to do more to integrate within the Muslim community especially by providing support and training to imams because this research has shown that imams play a huge role in providing support.Conclusion It was found from the literature review that mental health stigma is very much alive in the Muslim community, in the form of misconceptions around the causes of mental i llness, fear of being labelled and stigmatised, religious and cultural views influencing views on mental health e.g. punishment from god for committing a sin. The majority of the Muslim community would rather keep mental illness quite because of the fear shame, some seen mental illness caused by drug abuse or caused by witchcraft.In relation to my proposed question I found that there were number of gaps that were found that I could use in my research firstly their was a common theme of religion being a major factor in influencing views on mental health. However not one paper focused on measuring religiosity and its impacts on individuals perception, they focused more on ethnic backgrounds such as south Asian origins which is not religion. Findings showed Muslim community turned to religious leaders for support, yet no papers in the UK explored the role of Islamic clergy on mental health and their views on counselling. I feel this could provide a clear picture around what support is available and how much experience the imams have in supporting the Muslim community.I found that Papers do not specifically address the issue of counselling, I felt that this could have been explored in more depth also one of the recommendations was to look at participants that have accessed counselling and explore their perception on stigma and therapy which I found useful for my research. I feel that for the question I have proposed qualitative methodology would be more appropriate as it provides rich data and allows participants to expand on their responses. I also found that demographic factors need to be taken into consideration, such as age, gender and location, and to look at factor such as sample size and recruitment process.Word count 2745ReferencesAli, O. M., Milstein, G., Marzuk, P. (2005). The Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Psychiatric Services, (2), 202-205.Burstow, P. (2011). 20 million to knock down mental healt h stigma, retrived from https//www.gov.uk/government/news/20-million-to-knock-down-mental-health-stigmaCensus, (2011) retrieved 19 January, 2015, from http//www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.htmlMental health foundation, (2015), retrieved 19 january, 2015, from http//www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-statistics/Pilkington, A.,Msetfi,R,.M,.Watson,R. (2012). Factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of South Asian origin. Mental Health, Religion Culture, (1), 1-22. doi 10.1080/13674676.2010.545947Rethink (2007), Our voice The Pakistani communitys view of mental health and mental health services in Birmingham. London Islamic Human Rights Commission. ) Retrieved 29 December, 2014 from http//www.rethink.org/media/853081/our%20voice.pdfShoaib, K.,Peel, J. (2003). Kashmiri womens perceptions of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, (2), 87-94. DOI 10.1080/14733140312331384442Weatherhead, S., Daiches, A. (2010). Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory, Research and Practice, (1), 75-89.http//people.eku.edu/falkenbergs/psy862/notes%20on%20discriminant%20analysis.html 2005 Steve FalkenbergAbu-Ras, Wahiba, Gheith, Ali and Cournos, Francine(2008)The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community,Journal of Muslim Mental Health,32,155 176Appendix 1The next key term was mental health using two sub group using OR was Mental illness and mental health services, this generated 525,281 results. Another key term was stigma and the sub groups using OR was attitudes, stereotypes, prejudices and shame. The next key term I felt was important to my research was Muslims I tried this on its own but then realised that there can be other terms used in researches referring to Muslims and I used three sub groups which were Islam, ethnic minority, south Asian and this generated 89,716 results.Another key term was perception and I used three key terms view, understanding and intention and this generated 2,456,725 results which was huge but I felt that this was necessary as this bought my question together. my last key term that I used was Britain and I used two sub groups British and UK, this was to focus on the researched done on the British population as I felt it related to my question more.Appendix 2Examples of articles found

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

To Kill a Mockingbird by harpist leewardTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee.Harper Lees only novel to date is To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960 but set in the 1930s in the Statess deep-south. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize and was quickly made into a successful film starring Gregory Peck. The popularity that the novel immediately attracted endures to modern times.The semi-autobiographical story concerns the exam of an innocent black world, tom Robinson for the rape of a white woman, Mayella Ewell and somewhat this central drama the novelist has woven a tale which reveals the appalling nature of damage in many forms, non just that of colour, as her mocking birds which must not be harmed because they do no(prenominal), plunk for from the cruelty and ignorance of those around them.The story is told finished the eyes of the child narrator, watch, who lives, along with her brother, Jem, with their tyro, genus Atticus, the town lawyer and destined to represent the ill-f ated Tom Robinson, and their cook/housekeeper and friend, Calpurnia. In his attitude to Calpurnia, as to much in his life, Atticus challenges the contemporary view because though Calpurnia is black, she is treated as a member of the family, much to the annoyance of his sister, Alexandra. Atticus is in feature the means by which Lee examines much that is wrong with Maycomb society, from his lack of prejudice, to his self-renunciation of Mrs. Dubose and Boo Radley and his skilful means of challenging the education system which denies Scout the freedom to read by simply ignoring it. The motto by which he lives is that, you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of viewuntil you climb into his skin and walk around in it and this he passes on to his children. However, Lee is keen to avoid making Atticus appear patently and self-consciously heroic, as in the mad-dog incident and, indeed, his defence of Tom Robinson, he only acts heroically when he is c ompelled to do so.Lee treats the reader to a succession of humorous, sympathetic and engaging characters as the story develops, none more so than the pivotal and mysterious Boo Radley and the quaintly eccentric dill (the latter is thought to have been based on the author Truman Capote, with whom Lee grew up). Boo is in a sense both the greatest victim and the ultimate hero in the give and in many ways Dill is the comic-relief as well as being the representative of what we would now call a dysfunctional family as much as is Boo.By using the tress of the child narrator, Lee invites both advantages and disadvantages. She gains the honor and naivety of Scout together with her ingenuous curiosity and her ability to diffuse tense situations by her inherent innocence but she also has the commensurate disadvantage of having to get round the problems that necessarily attach to a child being the head means by which a trial for rape is discussed. Lee solves this in the main by having Scout overhear conversations which she does not fully understand but which the reader, of course, does. This dual narrative kind with the reader is one of the reasons why Lees narrative technique has been so highly praised.However, the main reason why the novel has achieved such a seminal place in the development of the American novel is that it was published at a time when racial tension was at its height in America and being challenged as never before by the Civil Rights Movement, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Junior. Thus, by showing the injustices which black Americans continued to suffer via a narrative set nearly thirty years before, Lee addresses a contemporary problem by means of the historical resonance with which the book is permeated. Emblematic of this is the trial of Tom Robinson which had a contemporary connective in a similar trial in the 1930s. Tom, one of Lees principal mocking birds, is manifestly innocent and proven to be physically incapable of having committed the c rime by Atticus Why reasonable people go stark raving mad when anything involving a Negro comes up, is something I dont pretend to understand, he declares and the reader shares his lack of comprehension, making prejudice manifestly against reason. The fact that this does not and cannot save Tom in an atmosphere which seethes with racial hatred adds to the imperative of the narrativeIn the secret courts of mens hearts Atticus had no case. Tom was a dead man the minute Mayella Ewell opened her mouth and screamed.However, Lee is even-handed in her depiction of racial tension, since when Calpurnia takes Scout and Jem to the church where the black residents of Maycomb worship, they are not universally welcomed and certainly Tom is not the only victim of prejudice in the story. Boo Radley, imprisoned by his well-meaning but misguided father after a teenage misdemeanour, has become the subject of much gossip and conjecture. Indeed, the children, Scout, Jem and Dill, make him the subject of their daily dramatics, supplanting the Dracula stories with which they have become bored. Atticus stops this as soon as it starts and the irony is that a friendship blossoms secretly between Boo and the children, of which the culmination is Boos saving the lives of Scout and Jem when they are attacked by the vicious Bob Ewell. Scout reiterates the idea, slightly altered, that Atticus uttered early in the novel, that you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them and by now the reader fully understands the meaning of those words, just as the child does.In conclusion, perhaps it is true to say that the enduring achievement of Harper Lees novel is to portray racial hatred and a multiplicity of tensions cause by misapprehension and prejudice via the microcosm of small-town America which is Maycomb. Indeed, perhaps readers continue to respond to To Kill a Mockingbord precisely because of the prejudices which sadly remain.BibliographyJerilyn Fisher and Ellen S.Silber, Women in Literature meter reading through the Lens of Gender, (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 2003).Wayne Flynt, Poor but Proud Alabamas Poor Whites, (University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL, 1989).Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockinbird, (Arrow, London, 1989).Claudia Durst Johnson, Understanding to Kill a Mockingbird A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historic Documents, (Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, 1994).Annie Kasper, General Semantics in to Kill a Mockingbird, ETC. A Review of General Semantics, Vol. 63, 2006.Dean Shackelford, The Female vocalisation in To Kill a Mockingbird Narrative Strategies in Film and Novel, The Mississippi Quarterly, Vol. 50, 1996.Renee Swanson, The Living Dead What the Dickens Are College Students Reading?, polity Review, No. 67, 1994.

Is Journalism Storytelling?

Is Journalism Storytelling?Using relevant theoretical perspectives considered during the semester and two examples of journalism, is journalism reporttelling? Why?IntroductionMany journalists entered the profession for a simple reason a love of storytelling. Journalism as storytelling has been found in many ways of the humanities. Storytelling is a valid way to sh be facts, ideas and to convince. The storytelling fast link to journalism where journalists want to endeavour their audience, to convince the reader that deep emotional level with their followers. Journalists stick out researched multiple ways that storytelling can utilize to r each(prenominal) to their audience in order to get audiences attention.Moreover, McQuail (1992, Media Performance p291) states that vernals is not impartial or objective. Things happen, but this does not mean that they fail watchword Not all the of events can be reported because of the sheer number. McQuail also argues that intelligence is the product of societally manufactured production, because its the end result is a selective cover. Gatekeepers, such as editors and journalists, and sometimes owners, to choose and judge what events argon important enough to pay and how to cover them. News story can be apply in journalism but at a price. Many journalists create stories may missing the fact in order to fill their spot with soulfulnessal opinions or emotion.This makes many viewers overlook these articles for audience they think more of the facts based.Narrative journalismHowever, with the idea of storytelling in journalism is has leaded to narration journalism and long-form journalism. This type of journalism unlike directly password story, which provide the basic who, what, where, when and why of the story, instead, narrative news stories are longer and allow the generator to employ more elements of prose authorship.Stories that are considered narrative journalism often appear in magazines and allow a r eporter to approach a subject in different ways. Generations ago, narrative journalism was the rule of reporting, rather then the exception.Story (and sometimes subjectively and considerable by todays standards) in the magazine and newspaper readers through a fascinating story to tell completely from the authors views and let.But, time commit absolutely changed. Nowadays, narrative journalism is not commonly used by most mainstream media outlets. In fact, many journalists adhere to very basic formula or the use of inverted pyramid report style, to keep their writing style simple and elementary to edit.Some may even not familiar with the technique, had never learned it as beat journalists in their career. however there is still a lot of board for narrative journalism in todays world marketplace where the Internet is available all day and all night, and authors or journalists avid to test their competence apply a new technique may truly enjoy writing a news report that reads much more like a story than a series of objectively written paragraphs(Angelique Caffrey ,2012)In the JoBenet Ramsey case, for instance,the media and news has obsessed for nearly two decade. The Ramsey gain a decade ago, along with the O.J. Simpson case in 1994, as one journalist noted, helped redefine mainstream journalism as a form of soap operatic storytelling, i.e., were benchmarks in its degradation to its current wretched state. (David Walsh,2006,p2)Jonbenet Ramseys death is a tragedy and its surroundings keep an ominous, but this is a cold case from 18 years ago.The continued interest in any detail of her murder case seems to imply that the past 18 years havent seen any other murder of innocent and pure children, until this instant, her novelty cases continue to control the public interest.the call into question is over so many years, why the case still has attracted the attention of journalism and the general public, indeed, The newest headlines on JonBenet Ramsey are detrim ental because they take the place of more valuable news stories.(Carina Kolodny,2013,p16). Journalism as storytelling, in the narrative way make the news novelty and catch publics attention.New-journalism storytellingPrimitively, journalism storytelling emerged on the newspapers in western countries, among which, Australia is a typical representative.Today, the highest wave of journalism storytelling presents in the press circle in America(Dubrovin 1995,p37).In the mid-19th century, majorities of the developed countries in Europe and America cognize industrial revolutions.During that period, the economy conditions in these countries were dramatically improved, the urbanization was accelerated, and the presses publishing newspapers on liberalism were established.The political parties reduced forces on the press and numerous cheap newspapers without independent political and economic restrictions were published(Connery 1992,p14).On September 3, 1833,The Sunwas established, officially symbolizing the emergence of cheap newspapers.Subsequently in America, the most developed country, cheap newspapers represented byThe SunandThe Heraldemerged in succession(Chance 2001).With the purpose of reservation profits, varieties of social news were issued on these newspapers to meet the demands of low-educated and poorly off citizens and to avoid offending the political parties and the establishment that could affect the development of the newspapers(Cassady 1990).These pieces of news written by porcine words and sentences were mainly about interesting and exciting stories collected from the publics social livelihood.The appearance of such popular newspapers is viewed as the origin of journalism storytelling. During 1960 to 1970, a new genre of journalism, the New-journalism, emerged in western countries. It emphasized to obtain opinions on internal events by perceiving and interviewing, instead of approaches of regular information collection and stereotypical questionn aire surveys(Cassady 1991).Techniques of expression of writing novels were also adopted.It laid stress on the writing methods and description styles. New-journalism theoretically put forward the composing direction for news storytelling, making a home for the literary journalism(Eason 1981).It was particularly popular in that period and was significantly recorded on the history of Australian journalism.Except for that it meet the demand of the times, New-journalism has some characteristics which implicate the followingFirstly,new-journalism broke the traditional news model of stating the facts impersonally.Coming to the front stage from the backstage(Eason 1981,), the journalists directly expressed their moods, feelings, and opinions or suggestions when editing the news stories.In newswriting, the journalists subject consciousnesses and emotions were presented and strengthened(Eason 1981).Secondly,new-journalism enriched expression skills for news reports.It adopted methods of nov el writing, combined news with literature, and satisfied the publics ask of listening stories.Various literary expression skills, such as multi-scenes combination, the third person narration, the first person narration, details description, compound characters, and composition ways of making flashback, repetition, indication, and suspense(Farrell 1991).It changed the stereotypical inverted pyramid writing model and showed audiences a lively world that the journalists perceive, expanding selections for the public and merging the publics demand for diverse cultures(Ducey 1997).New-journalism in western countries gradually fade with a short brilliant history.However, the journalism storytelling became attractive to the public.Journalism and news as social constructionIt is hard for journalism, in any form, to be a true construction or reflection of society, on account of the factor included in the production of news. Human interest, human fault and the fallacy of the management, and other factors interweave together, blurred the boundaries between fact and fiction. Potter(1998 p15) demonstrated that news is not something that happens instead, news is what gets presented. We around never see news events as they happen. Instead, we are shown the medias manufactured construction of the events. Yet journalism can be defined very alone as storytelling or news information of any form. However, not all of the current events or stories can be presented in the media, and like this, only news are considered as news value or newsworthy is able to bring it into the media for spread to the audience and general public. According to Galtung and Ruge(1970), the earliest form of authoritative classification for newsworthiness(Tony Harcup Deirdre ONeillp261-280), there are eleven news values, the meeting will make the event is more likely in news to be reported. The news values are frequency, clarity, consonance, continuity, actions of the elite, negativity,threshold, cultu ral proximity,unexpectedness, composition and personification. In the above-mentioned system, the story to satisfy the more points or value, the greater the chance that it will be published in the news. News report channels use the relaxing and interesting way of storytelling to convey information to the mass.Journalism storytelling is popular with the audiences, however, with its rapid development, some shortages are increasingly exposed. Journalism storytelling has erroneous tendency to negative events.Generally, in order to catch the audiences eyes, the news contents are easily focus on happenings from the grisly side of the society.Taking an example of how the news value are applied in selection of a story, the 9-11 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre towers in NYC, the news has a large number of news values, the magnitude of this plane attacks made them relate all over the world and that kind of news about curse and violence are often reported, even events on dis aster or damage are mainly propagated.There are positive reports to revive the whole process and details of the events however details description on murder, eroticism, and other stodgy and low-class events are over presented(Breneman 1983).On the whole, journalism storytelling is lack of true and impersonal perspectives and the publics superintendence function on its news contents is weakened.Frequently, bloody events that are not related to the common peoples daily life are played on the life channels.The stimulating and abnormal scenes, ironic tittles and topics are often highlighted to attract the audiences attention and to make the news stories widely spread.Such effects turn out to be over-commercialized, which are of unhealthy impacts on the publics life.Reference listDenis McQuail, 1992, Media PerformanceMass Communication and the Public Interest, London/California,P291Angelique Caffrey,2012,Journalism and Narrative Journalism,p2David Walsh,2006, US media disgraces itself o nce again rosiness to judgment in the JonBenet Ramsey case,p2Carina Kolodny,2013,Why Do We Care About JonBenet Ramsey?p16Vivian Dubrovin (1995),Create Your Own Storytelling Stories,p37Connery, Thomas B, 1992, Discovering a Literary Form. A Sourcebook of American Literary journalismRepresentative Writers in an Emerging Genre. New York Greenwood,p14W.James Potter, 1998, Theory of Media LiteracyA Cognitive Approach USA,p15Tony Harcup Deirdre ONeill, 2010,What is News?Galtung and Ruge revisited p261-280Should hempen necktie Be Legalised In Australia?Should ganja Be Legalised In Australia?Cannabis is a pose that is self-aggrandising using organic fertiliser, other names includes marijuana, marihuana, hashish, hemp and ganja which is made from dried leaves and small green flowers from the hangmans halter industrial plant itself, it contains narcotics and tough fibres that are used to make ropes, medicine, furniture and many others. Cannabis is k at one timen as a soft illicit med icate that is commonly used. It is ordinarily smoked but can also be eaten to get the immediate intoxicated effect but each person experiences different effects reasons creation how strong the drug is, if they are an experienced user, the mood of the user and many other reasons within the individual.Earls and Robert studied marihuana and came with while opium kills ambition and deadens initiatives, marihuana incites to darkness and shame (Earls and Robert Rowell, 2003).Short-term effects may include brain slowing, intoxicated which is also known as stoned or high and happy and relaxed feelings. Others may experience negative effects such as creation paranoid, feeling anxious and panic attack.Some physical effects include short-term memory, amount of money rate increase, bloodshot eyes, coordination which can cause unsafe driveway and increase in appetite often known as the munchies.Long-term effects may include increase risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease referable to the raise in heart rate, lung disease, ability to learn because of short-term memory, sperm count for males decreases and females experience irregular period patterns.Cannabis is illegal in Australia and most other first world countries and by law it is not to be grown, sell or possessed, it is a crime to do so and penalties will be given according to The Australian Drug Misuse Trafficking Act (1985).Cannabis is illegal due to many reasons such as addiction, where people are hooked on to the drug and which will eventually ruin their lives through excessive usage, this is the same as alcohol which is a totally legal drug. The government claims that halter is more and highly addictive compared to alcohol which is why it is not legalised. Users would be write out aggressive and have a insane effect when taking the drug which leads to illegal activities. Cannabis is not accepted for medical use, even though it helps pain relief and benefits others in medical use but still caused a lot o f diseases which the government is trying to help decrease, such as lung cancer, and cancer itself.Other reasons include that cannabis was linked to narcotics together with other illicit drugs, heroin, morphine and cocaine in 1914 these drugs are highly illegal and has brought cannabis along the line with them. Cannabis is now used by people all over the world illegally and legally and now it is not seen as an ethnic drug. The American governments started to look into Cannabis and came up with ideas on making it illegal, hemp was common and is used in making ropes, cloth and paper was considered formidable and was a treat to people, people were being violence after smoking cannabis and led them to commit crime. Cannabis was announced illegal by (The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937).Cannabis should be legalised in Australia because it will benefit the government and country in many ways, some advantages on legalising cannabis include government making money on impose, which will be bette r for the economy as cannabis is a billion dollar industry.Cannabis is grown with organic fertilizer and is an organic plant unlike other illicit drugs such as heroin and cocaine when many other chemicals are used to make the drug. Tobacco is considered more dangerous compared to cannabis as tobacco uses 4000 different chemicals such as nicotine, tar, rat poison and many others which are harmful to the users as cannabis is an organic grown plant. This will benefit people with healt issues as it does not contain many other chemical like tobacco.Cannabis is a valued plant and is pricey since growing the plant takes time and organic fertilizer must be used. Pricing around the illegal market on cannabis is $200 to $ccc and ounce (28grams). Through research foundings on cannabis users increases dramatically every year, in the US it is estimated that 2million people will try the illicit drug every yeah and 1 percentage of the population estimated to try cannabis every year and become add icted. Cannabis was a legalised drug back in the twenties early 1930s, but since the US government came up with ideas to ban the drug due to their reasons of the drug threatens and is dangerous.Cannabis is now the most illicit drug used all over the world illegally and legally, in certain parts of Canada cannabis is legal where they have marijuana pubs and bars where people can come in for a smoke with friends and to relax. If cannabis was legalised in Australia it will stop people smoking illegally, being paranoid and decrease in illegal activities such as smuggling cannabis from other countries or states, drug trafficking and trades. This highlights that society accepted the fact that view on marijuana is to be socially accepted.Legalising cannabis will allow the nation to gain instant and long term benefits also give benefit in medical use, where it could be used to advocate in pain relief and cure other diseases that prescription drugs might now be able to do. Victims sufferin g from diseases such as glaucoma and the people who needs treatment for antinausea will be able to find the drug easily This will benefit chemists and can help with increasing the market share and income. Ideas that the government may look into is that proper education should be involved in training users on the drug itself, how to use the drug and the recommended amount of usage each time to prevent from overdose.Cannabis should be a prescription drug if it was to be legalised and doctors only allow certain amount each time for the diligent or user.Disadvantages on legalising cannabis include people not claiming tax as they can grow the plants from home, which will become an illegal activity since they are hiding from the government to turn away from tax. Financial issues since education for cannabis users which will cost a lot of money and time for the government if they refractory to legalised the illicit drug. Crime order may arise as the drug may have different effects on th e individual, it may cause aggressiveness, psychotic person and criminal activities. This will have a huge impact on safety for the society as it may affect users on unsafe driving and lose of memory in short-term use. Legalising cannabis will also have an impact on creating more diseases such as lung cancer, heart disease, and encyclopedism abilities as users experience short -term memory.Advantages on criminalisation if cannabis was legalised include a decrease on criminal offences such as smuggling drugs into the country, duty and sell the drug to people. It will allow the government to fight other drug related crimes that are more important and a risk to the society such as heroin and cocaine dealers, fraud and murderers. If cannabis was legalised users would stop being paranoid about using or buying the drug as they would become more relaxed and free. The war on drug isnt accomplishing much as people are still out there illegally smuggling, trading and selling drugs so this can be decreased if cannabis was to be legalised as it will reduce the government on spending large amount of money on enforcements every year which will help in increasing the countrys revenue.It is prohibited but people are still out there making money and doing illegal business, there was an increase tax on alcohol so if cannabis was to be legalised it should have a higher tax on it as well. It is impossible to stop drug dealers as they always got an way to deliver their goods, they are always one step ahead and if one criminal is caught there is others out there doing the same, it just continues and it is something the government cannot stop. In 1987, 10 billion dollars were spent alone just on enforcing drug laws. Drugs accounted for about 40 percent of all felony indictments in the New York City courts in 1989. This figure quadrupled since 1985. Forty percent of the people in federal prison are drug law violators (Long 114). As it raises every year that money could be spent on other things that will benefit the economy such as schools, roadstead and homeless. The black market would vanish and illegal traders and dealers would be out of business since productions would become licensed only.Disadvantages if cannabis was to be legalised include people would still do illegal business to make money, since they want to keep away from tax. Legalising cannabis will eventually make the good people become bad, as they will be addicted to the legalised drug and it will affect their daily lives due to the effects on the drugs such as short-term memory, it allows people to be fantastic and aggressive, become psychotics and will put the society at risk, crime rates will rise and the roads will be more dangerous than it is now as to drink drivers. Cannabis effects peoples coordination so unsafe driving is a major risk, leaving it risky to others on the roads.The government will have to spend more money on stoping drug users from committing crimes or death rates will i ncrease as is allows people to experience being aggressive, and psychotic behaviours with the use to the drug if it is legalised.In conclusion cannabis should be legalised as it will benefit people with medical use, help in decreasing crime rate, reduce and die out the black market, improve the countrys revenue and allows the government to make money on tax just like the high tax they gain from alcohol. At the same time it may disadvantage the country in a few ways such as crime rates due to the drug giving side effects of aggressiveness and psychotic, where that is easier to prevent unlike the black market.

Effects of War and Organized Violence on Refugees Essay -- Refugee Chi

In the literature about refugees and the effects of displacement upon them, definite themes argon unmistakably persistent. Some of those themes could be found in Satrapis, Persepolis, and others could not. When Perry-Jenkins, a psychological science professor, gave the Deans Reader class a supplementary presentation on the psychology of adolescence, she mentioned that psychological studies predominantly take place in the U.S. She likewise noted that cross-cultural and longitudinal studies be a more youthful phenomenon in the psychology field. Perry-Jenkins also explained that most psychological studies are done in the U.S. due to funding reasons, but for whatever other reason, studies outside the U.S. are often done on children first, not adolescence or adults, hence the emphasis on children in many of the international studies I cite below.Psychological symptoms were an elicit theme throughout the material I reviewed involving refugees. It is important to remember that refuge es leave their family line country during a difficult time, and their pre-flight stressors can be and sometimes are worse than the post-flight stressors of adjustment to a new country. In any case, psychological suffering comes in many forms. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a very common stressor for refugees and was noted in Jodecyr, Graham, Sourander, Hjern, and Keyes hold. Keyes reviewed the literature about six historic period ago and determined that almost every article in her work mentioned the effects of PTSD on refugees. Guilt is another stressor common to refugees for many reasons. Parents whitethorn have to leave in a rush and may not be able to take all of their children, a child may be release parents behind, and adolescent age children may feel the guilt of leaving t... ...Angel. Organized violence and mental health of refugee children in exile a six-year follow-up. Acta Paediatrica 89.6(2000) 722-727.Jodeyr, Simin. Where do I belong? the experience of se cond generation Iranian immigrants and refugees. Psychodynamic arrange 9.2 (2003) 205-214.Leavey, Gerald. Psychological disorder amongst refugee and migrant schoolchildren in London. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 39.3(2003) 191-195.Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis- The legend of a Childhood. New York ergodic House, 2003.Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis 2- The Story of a Return. New York Random House, 2004.Sourander, Andre. Behavior Problems and Traumatic Events of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors. Child Abuse & Neglect 22.7(1998) 719-727.Sourander, Andre. Refugee families during asylum seeking. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 57(2002) 203-207. Effects of War and Organized Violence on Refugees Essay -- Refugee ChiIn the literature about refugees and the effects of displacement upon them, certain themes are unmistakably persistent. Some of those themes could be found in Satrapis, Persepolis, and others could not. When Perry-Jenkins, a psychology professor, gave the Deans Reader class a supplementary presentation on the psychology of adolescence, she mentioned that psychological studies predominantly take place in the U.S. She also noted that cross-cultural and longitudinal studies are a more recent phenomenon in the psychology field. Perry-Jenkins also explained that most psychological studies are done in the U.S. due to funding reasons, but for whatever other reason, studies outside the U.S. are often done on children first, not adolescence or adults, hence the emphasis on children in many of the international studies I cite below.Psychological symptoms were an overwhelming theme throughout the material I reviewed involving refugees. It is important to remember that refugees leave their home country during a difficult time, and their pre-flight stressors can be and sometimes are worse than the post-flight stressors of adjustment to a new country. In any case, psychological distress comes in many forms. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) i s a very common stressor for refugees and was noted in Jodecyr, Graham, Sourander, Hjern, and Keyes work. Keyes reviewed the literature about six years ago and determined that almost every article in her work mentioned the effects of PTSD on refugees. Guilt is another stressor common to refugees for many reasons. Parents may have to leave in a rush and may not be able to take all of their children, a child may be leaving parents behind, and adolescent age children may feel the guilt of leaving t... ...Angel. Organized violence and mental health of refugee children in exile a six-year follow-up. Acta Paediatrica 89.6(2000) 722-727.Jodeyr, Simin. Where do I belong? the experience of second generation Iranian immigrants and refugees. Psychodynamic Practice 9.2 (2003) 205-214.Leavey, Gerald. Psychological disorder amongst refugee and migrant schoolchildren in London. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology 39.3(2003) 191-195.Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis- The Story of a Childhood. New York Random House, 2003.Satrapi, Marjane. Persepolis 2- The Story of a Return. New York Random House, 2004.Sourander, Andre. Behavior Problems and Traumatic Events of Unaccompanied Refugee Minors. Child Abuse & Neglect 22.7(1998) 719-727.Sourander, Andre. Refugee families during asylum seeking. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 57(2002) 203-207.

The Digital Divide Essay example -- Papers

The Digital Divide Digital Divide is often described as the gap between those with access to engineering science (e.g. computers and the Internet) and those who have not. It is a social and political issue that started since the early 1990s and is believed to have grown over the years. There is also such thing as Global Digital Divide, and this refer back to the gap between developed and developing countries. At present, programs such as BBCs Computeraid try and facilitate solve this social problem by donating computers in rural areas and helping educate large number. Digital Divide isnt just about the access of people to such facilities but also described as the differing levels of IT skills within the society. Digital Divide is often referred back to the haves and have-nots, also known as the rich and the poor. In earlier years, they have been described as the middle and working classes, although these sectors vaguely exist in the society at present . The haves are people who can allow to buy these new technologies such as compute...

Owens Corning Case :: essays research papers

Owens Corning Case1. info ProvisioningOCF conceptualizes the principal IS production activities that produce value for the company as transaction processing, data provisioning, and cultivation delivery.Data provisioning manages the catalogue of data and information, using relational database management systems and a data dictionary and data catalog. Transaction processing stores only the current data necessary to offer the status of current operations. Data provisioning receives, stores, and manages all validated transaction data from transaction processing. It also provides data back to transaction processing and information-to-information delivery when requested. Data dictionary and data catalog keep way of what data exists, where it is stored, what it means, and who has authority to access it. That helps data provisioning to protect the data and to provide access to data and information to those who need it.Data provisioning stores the organizational structure regulations in t ables in its database, so these regulations can be changed without any difficulties when management decides to modify the organization.OCF created two relational databases to reward data provisioning one to support transaction processing and another to support information delivery. They used for transaction processing technology IBMs DB2 running on the mainframe, designed to process high transaction volumes fast. For the information delivery technology they used a TERADATA database tool - a combination of hardware and software that is optimized for reply information questions. 2.Data warehouseThe data warehouse is part of the data provisioning function. It could be described as a big depository. Data warehouse must(prenominal) provide interfaces that accept transaction data from different types of transaction processing systems and move them into the warehouse environment. During this process that data are tested and validated to hold in that only high quality data are accepted .On the output side of the data warehouse, there must be interfaces that allow a user to ask for data from the devices (PCs or terminals) that he typically use. The information in the warehouse must be structured, so that users can easily obtain answers to their questions. OCF construct data warehouse in 1987. They had selected a combination of IBMs DB2 relational DBMS, SQL query language, and TERADATA database machine to support the data warehouse. Few months later they built a data warehouse for the Residential and Commercial Insulation Products division that contained product data, sales data, and customer data. After some time they purchased a larger TERADATA machine and related software, which enabled them to expand this data warehouse to serve the other OCF divisions.